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Chise Profile picture
@sailorrooscout
Nov 22, 2021 • 14 tweets • 8 min read • Read on X
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A study out of Northwestern University shows post-booster antibody levels not only exceeded antibody levels documented after natural infection with COVID-19, but after two doses of vaccine, AND levels after both natural infection AND vaccination as well.

Let’s talk about that!🧵
Here, researchers measured anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and surrogate virus neutralization of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor, before and after COVID-19 boosters in healthy adults.
Participants e-consented and completed online surveys regarding COVID-19 viral history and vaccination status. Finger stick dried blood spot (DBS) samples were self-collected prior to booster administration and 6-10 days after receiving mRNA booster vaccine (paired samples).
Results were compared with data from a prior community-based study using the same protocols, which quantified antibody responses after diagnosis of COVID-19 or administration of a second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
So what did they find? Researchers documented large antibody responses after the administration of the booster, with antibody levels that EXCEEDED levels documented after natural infection with COVID- 19, after two doses of vaccine, or after both natural infection AND vaccination
(i.e, Hybrid Immunity). Surrogate neutralization of B.1.617.2 (Delta) was high but obviously reduced in comparison with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Researchers concluded this data supported the use of boosters to help prevent breakthrough infections and suggested that antibody-mediated
immunity may last longer than after the second dose of vaccine. “While waning antibodies may contribute to breakthrough infections, it is important to investigate the effects of boosters on cell-mediated immunity.”
YES, you cannot forget about cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies are just one part of the immune response BUT they can help us prevent the occurrence of breakthrough infections, especially in those that can’t mount a sufficient immune response in time. bbc.com/news/health-59…
Good thing is I have some additional studies I can give you guys that can give some more insight and help with study limitations! To start, the burning question: how long do they last? Initial data out of Israel shows 9-10 months, potentially even longer. timesofisrael.com/pfizer-booster…
Published in The Lancet. Peer-reviewed. Large sample size. Sound methodology. Real-world data. The study provides the largest peer-reviewed evaluation of the effectiveness of a third "booster" dose of a COVID-19 vaccine in Israel. thelancet.com/journals/lance…
Real-world data out of England on booster effectiveness shows OVER 90% vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection when comparing boosted vaccinated individuals to unvaccinated individuals. NOTE: these results were in HIGH-RISK groups.
khub.net/documents/1359…
Do booster doses increase neutralizing antibodies AND T-cell responses against SARS-COV-2? This study out of Chile on a booster dose of inactivated vaccines shows JUST that. medrxiv.org/content/10.110….
So, for the rest of us, what's the point of boosters? Preventing infections. Controlling transmission. If we CAN prevent infections in the most vulnerable populations, that’s a huge win and boosters seem to allow us to do just that. Prevention is key. medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Some sources on boosters:
•On FEWER Myocarditis Cases: reuters.com/world/middle-e…
•LOWEST Rate of Side Effects after 3rd Dose: timesofisrael.com/3rd-dose-has-l…
•apple.news/Al9yV5ZhgQyyQR…
•theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/…
•theatlantic.com/health/archive…
•wsj.com/articles/when-…

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More from @sailorrooscout

Chise Profile picture
May 13
I aspire to exude as much confidence as this little Kinesin protein strutting along a microtubule while hauling intracellular cargo.

Look at that little guy go! 👏
The original animation dates back to 2006, when it was published by a pair of Harvard University researchers working with an artist and animator named John Liebler. Together, the trio took several years to produce a dramatized 3D modeling of internal cellular function titled
“The Inner Life of the Cell." This animation you see above is from “Art of the Cell.”

In reality, there are many different proteins, three of which- kinesins, myosins, and dyneins- are considered "motor" proteins. As their name suggests, these high-energy bad boys, powered by
Read 14 tweets
Chise Profile picture
May 7
This is HUGE news! In a first-ever human clinical trial of four adult patients, an mRNA cancer vaccine developed at the University of Florida quickly reprogrammed the immune system to attack glioblastoma, the most aggressive and lethal brain tumor.

Let’s talk about that! 🧵⬇️
The results mirror those in 10 pet dog patients suffering from naturally occurring brain tumors whose owners approved of their participation, as they had no other treatment options, as well as results from preclinical mouse models. The breakthrough now will be tested in a Phase
I pediatric clinical trial for brain cancer.

Reported May 1 in the journal Cell, the discovery represents a potential new way to recruit the immune system to fight notoriously treatment-resistant cancers using an iteration of mRNA technology and lipid nanoparticles, similar
Read 15 tweets
Chise Profile picture
May 2
HOW COOL IS THIS? A virus (yes, you read that correctly) could help save BILLIONS of gallons of wastewater produced by fracking. Researchers at UTEP have identified a novel means of treating resilient bacteria found in produced water: Bacteriophages!

Let’s talk about that! 🧵⬇️ Bacteriophages attacking a bacterial cell.
You can find the study here:
•

An estimated 168 billion gallons of wastewater -or produced water- is generated annually by the Permian Basin fracking industry, according to a 2022 report by the Texas Produced Water Consortium.dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16060…
The major waste stream has proved both difficult and costly to treat because of the chemical complexity of the water.

According to this study just published in Water, numerous methods have been deployed to clean up the harmful bacteria in industrial wastewater.
Read 15 tweets
Chise Profile picture
Apr 20
HOW COOL IS THIS? For the FIRST time in ONE BILLION years, two lifeforms have truly merged into one organism. In a new study, researchers report that a nitrogen-fixing organelle has been identified in a marine alga. Meet the Nitroplast! Let’s talk about that! 🧵⬇️ A light microscopy image shows the marine algae Braarudosphaera bigelowii, which is a potentially large evolutionary step. This algae absorbed a bacterium called UCYN-A and formed a new organelle called a nitroplast. The black arrow is pointing to the nitroplast.
This discovery sheds light on the evolutionary transition from endosymbiont to organelle. A team of scientists have detected a sign of a major life event that has likely not occurred for at least one billion years. They’ve observed primary endosymbiosis–two lifeforms merging into
ONE organism. This incredibly rare event occurred between a type of abundant marine algae and a bacterium.

So, what makes this so fascinating? Technically, it is now time to welcome a new type of cell to the club of living things that can harvest nitrogen from the atmosphere!
Read 15 tweets
Chise Profile picture
Apr 16
This is HUGE news! MV140, a sublingual vaccine developed to prevent UTIs, showed REMARKABLE success and prevented recurring UTIs for nearly a DECADE. The vaccine not only reduced risk but also enabled a significant number of participants to be completely UTI-free!🧵⬇️
MV140 (Uromune®, Inmunotek S.L., Spain) is a polyvalent bacterial whole-cell-based sublingual vaccine that has been developed for the prevention of UTIs and is currently in Phase 3 development “pre-licensing” trials in 26 countries worldwide, including the UK, New Zealand,
Germany, Spain, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Turkey.
Read 13 tweets
Chise Profile picture
Apr 6
Guys. Heads up. Let’s talk about H5N1. There have been SEVERAL bad takes and BLATANT misinformation circulating regarding this strain of bird flu so I figured it was a good idea to make a thread about it. Stay calm. Stay vigilant. Know your facts. Here’s ALL you need to know.🧵⬇️
First things first. Let’s address the elephant in the room. It is IMPORTANT to stress the risk to the public still remains LOW. So far, the virus does not appear to have mutated in a way that would make it significantly more dangerous. While concerning, the one human case,
IS CONSISTENT with how people usually catch these viruses-through DIRECT exposure to a sick animal.
This may make you wonder: is bird flu creeping closer to humans? The short answer: NO. In its current form, H5N1 doesn’t have the machinery to easily infect humans or spread quickly among us. That’s the good news. What is concerning is that avian influenza viruses are known to change quickly- especially when they’re abundant and spreading among certain animal populations. Hence why some scientists are concerned. To prevent further adaptation, we need to stop further cross-species transmission OBVIOUSLY.
What it would take for bird flu to become a human pandemic? The H5N1 virus that’s spreading now was first detected in the ’90s, at a goose farm in southern China, making it a relatively new type of avian influenza. (There are other strains of bird flu, but for the purposes of this article, we’ll use “bird flu” to mean H5N1.) In the decades since, the virus has mostly been a problem for birds, especially domestic poultry. It’s highly contagious, and infection can cause severe damage to birds’ internal organs. Outbreaks of the virus can wipe out 90 percent or more of farm birds within 48 ho...
Read 15 tweets

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