the case of the Swahili's self identification as washirazi (which itself was mostly in opposition to Omani era arabisation) is subject to all kinds of controversy, but it wasn't meant to be taken literary, its more about (Islamic) genealogy than "ethnic reality"
so when Skip Gates sarcastically quipped about the Swahili "washirazis" that he found in Zanzibar looking "about as Persian as Mike Tyson"
he was speaking from the western understanding of race & genealogy, but African understanding of genealogy is as heterodox as its complex
written in 1986 👇🏾 (before Horton's groundbreaking discoveries at shanga) but its conclusions have stood the test of time
taken from pgs 32-35
Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900
Randall L. Pouwels books.google.co.ug/books/about/Ho…
more intriguingly, should b why the people of the capital of a powerful trans-oceanic Arab state would refer to themselves as Persian instead of Arab
its simple: it was in opposition to the Omanis, but done without jeopardizing their "Muslim credentials"
"Dahomey cloth woven of both cotton and raffia constituted the finest weaving, both from the point of
view of technical excellence and of design"
Weavers were mostly male while dyers and spinners were women, they included both Fon weavers and Yoruba immigrants, they used vertical and ground looms, embroidering was dominated by yoruba weavers who served both the domestic market and exported large amounts of cloth to brazil
Dyeing was done using indigo and potash, other colors such as red and black were achieved using sorghum stalks, imported silks were also woven into cloths
dahomey weavers incorporated styles from the Muslim north, the Akan to its west, the Yorubalands to its east
"African metallurgy begun in the third millennium BC and the early 1st millennium BC for both copper-alloys and iron
high quality iron made by the Swahili in Mombasa (Kenya) was exported to south India as reported by al-Idrisi in the 12th century"
"gold was refined in the old city of essouk in mali upto 99% purity
ife artists fashioned naturalistic sculptures using pure copper
across the continent, African artists used lost-wax casting, repousse and riveting to make sophisticated artworks"
Mwana Kupona was the wife of Bwana Mat̪aka, the ruler of Siyu
she was one of several notable swahili female scholars
and was a contemporary of the famous 19th century west-african poetess, Nana Asmau
this 102-verse poem is still recited by both young and newlywed swahili women in east africa
and is one among the dozens of extant poems of the "utendi genre" from the 16th-19th century -which made up the bulk of "secular" swahili literature
"How can we reconcile Museveni’s political thought with his political practice, One way to read Uganda’s predicament is as a dialogue between Museveni’s ideas and the international economic order which confronted him"
The stela narrates Tanwetamani's "restoration of the double kingdom of Kush and Egypt from the condition of chaos " after he'd defeated Necho I and the delta & sais chiefs in 664BC
Originally erected in the Jebel Barkal temple in sudan and written in hieroglyphic by a scribe from napata, this dream stela emulated the language of Piye's 'Great Triumphal Stela (Piye was a kushite king who conquered Egypt and established the 25th dynasty in 760BC)
But this fragile peace was short-lived as the Assyrians under Assurbanipal invaded Egypt again in 664 and sacked Thebes
upper Egypt remained loyal to Tanwetamani until 656BC when Psamtik's daughter was adopted as the "God's wife of Amun" elect by the reigning Kushite princes thus
even more misleading when you consider that the pre-sokoto states of nothern nigeria eg zaria and borgu were aligned north-south as well including the more southerly yoruba states like Oyo
rather than geography and other reductive explanations (à la jared diamond), a better explanation for the west-east alignment of Ghana, Mali and Songhai was the control of the Senegal & Niger river valleys which were by then the most populous and productive regions in west africa