These are subject to a number of assumptions (and uncertainties), of course. Allowing net-negative emissions expands remaining budgets, while more convex (or concave) emissions pathways would change the date at which zero emissions needs to be reached:
Assumptions around non-CO2 GHG emissions and aerosols also matter. The IPCC provides a best estimate (and uncertainties), but more pessimistic or optimistic assumptions for non-CO2 forcings would reduce or expand the remaining carbon budgets accordingly. 3/
The IPCC AR6 largely had the same carbon budgets as in the older IPCC SR15 report for 50% likelihood, but increased the remaining budget for 66% likelihood outcomes reflecting the narrowing of the range of likely climate sensitivity in the AR6: carbonbrief.org/analysis-what-… 4/
There were lots of other changes "under the hood" to budgets in AR6, including a reassessment of differences between ocean surface and air temperature warming differences, the inclusion of earth system feedbacks, etc. For more details see @JoeriRogelj
We can also compare these simple emissions pathways to those I created back in 2020 (dashed lines) based on the SR15 and emissions data available at the time. A few notable things stand out:
First, historical emissions were reassessed downwards in the latest emissions data from @gcarbonproject. For example, 2019 emissions went from 43 GtCO2 to 40.5 GtCO2. Second, while 50% pathways did not change, the 66% ones became more gradual reflecting the increase in budgets 7/
(note that the TCRE-based diagram in the linked tweet is somewhat inconsistent with budget-based calculations here as it does not account for any future changes in non-CO2 forcings, but its intended to be illustrative of the impact of convex pathways rather than prescriptive)
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We just published our State of the Climate Q2 update over at @CarbonBrief:
⬆️ Now a ~95% chance 2024 will be the warmest year on record.
⬆️ 13 month streak of records set between June 2023 and June 2024.
⬆️ July 22nd 2024 was the warmest day on record (in absolute terms).
⬇️ July 2024 will very likely come in below July 2023, breaking the record streak.
⬇️ The rest of 2024 is likely to be cooler than 2023 as El Nino fades and La Nina potentially develops.
⬇️ Second lowest Antarctic sea ice on record.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-c…
The past 13 months have each set a new record, with 2024 being quite a bit warmer than 2023 (at ~1.63C above preindustrial levels) in the ERA5 dataset:
However, the margin by which records are being set has shrunk; global temperatures were setting new records by a stunning 0.3C to 0.5C in the second half of 2023, but have been breaking the prior records (set in 2016, 2020, or 2023) by only 0.1C to 0.2C this year:
Global surface temperatures from @BerkeleyEarth are now out for June. It was the warmest June on record for land, oceans, and the globe as a whole by a sizable margin (~0.14C), and came in at 1.6C above preindustrial levels. berkeleyearth.org/june-2024-temp…
This was the 13th consecutive record setting month, and the 12th month in a row above 1.5C:
The exceptional nature of recent global temperatures really stands out when we look at a 12-month moving average:
Global temperatures were extremely hot in June 2024, at just over 1.5C, beating June 2023's previous record-setting temperatures by 0.14C and coming in around 0.4C warmer than 2016 (the last major El Nino event).
Now 2024 is very likely to beat 2023 as the warmest year on record
June 2024 was so warm that – in the absence of 2023's exceptional warmth – it would have beaten any past July as the warmest absolute monthly temperature experienced by the planet in the historical record:
This plot shows how June 2024 stacked up against all the prior Junes since 1940 in the ERA5 dataset:
We’ve long talked about the carbon budget, but given that the world is on track to pass the 1.5C target in the coming decade its time to start talking about the "carbon debt".
Carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere where it lasts for an extremely long time. While about half of our emissions are removed by land and ocean carbon sinks over the first century, it takes on the order of 400,000 years for nature to fully remove a ton of CO2.
But it turns out that the warming from our CO2 emissions is also extremely long lived. Even if global CO2 emissions ceased and atmospheric CO2 concentrations began to decline, the warming from those emissions would remain for millennia: pnas.org/doi/full/10.10…
Recently we've seen a vibrant debate on when the world will firmly pass 1.5C.
Over at @CarbonBrief I weigh in with a new analysis, finding that it will most likely occur in the late 2020s or early 2030s in a world where emissions do not rapidly decrease. carbonbrief.org/analysis-what-…
Global temperatures in any given year reflect short-term natural variability on top of longer-term human-driven warming. For example, a big El Niño or La Niña event can result in global temperatures up to 0.2C warmer or cooler, respectively, than they would otherwise be.
While there is no formal definition how the 1.5C goal is measured, it is generally interpreted to refer to long-term, human-driven warming.
For example, the IPCC uses the midpoint of a 20-year period as a way to avoid overinterpreting short-term natural variability.
There is something of a genre of very online individuals™ discovering stratospheric aerosol injection and proclaiming it as a low-cost solution to climate change. Spoiler alert: its not.
In this case the thread uses a bunch of my figures so its worth responding.
Climate change is driven primarily by our emissions of carbon dioxide. We've emitted a lot of CO2: around 2.5 trillion tons since 1750, or the weight of the the biosphere and everything humans have ever built combined theclimatebrink.com/p/the-staggeri…
This CO2 remains in the atmosphere for a long time; it takes well over 100k years for a ton of CO2 emitted today to be fully removed. The warming caused by CO2 also sticks around; a ton emitted today will continue to warm the planet for millennia: pnas.org/doi/full/10.10…