Omicrons (B.1.1.529) most recent common ancestor is AV.1. Relative to this MRCA, Omicron has 25 nonsynonymous and 1 synonymous mutation in Spike, and 13 nonsynonymous and 6 synonymous mutations in the entire rest of the genome. This is very strange & I don't understand.
I have re-done the alignments and counting up of mutations, and it's even weirder than i first said.
34 discontinuous changes (that are likely independent events). only one of them is silent. the rest change amino acid. see attached pictures. to quote @K_G_Andersen this is inconsistent with expectations from standard evolutionary theory.
this is just bonkers. there should be a butt-tonne of other silent passenger mutations hitching a ride with nonsynonymous changes under positive selective pressure. i am not invoking a sinister lab engineering event here, just something important that i do not know.
Spike is 3819 coding nucleotides. It has 33 NS and 1 S changes. The neighboring ORF3A-E-M-ORF6-ORF7A-ORF8-N-ORF10 genes have 4000 coding nucleotides. They have eight NS and three S changes. Spike is smaller and has four times the NS changes.
positive selection on spike should drag a bunch of synonymous changes in the neighborhood along for the ride. unless spike can evolve separately from the rest of the genome.
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An off-the-cuff thread on Genomics of Cancer and Aging. These is an X post of ideas for people to think about... its not medical advice or a peer reviewed publication... )
Cancers are caused by mutations in genes that control cell growth.
Aging itself may be caused by accumulation of damaging mutations that eventually kill stem cells.
Cancer-causing mutations happen in normal cells in your body and convert the normal cells into tumor cells.
You are making mutations all your life because the enzymes that copy the DNA are pretty good, but not perfect and they have a big job to do each cell division (3 billion letters to copy and get right).
Mistakes happen. Most of these mistakes do nothing. Eventually they might kill the cell because of a mutation in a gene that is needed for life. But if a mistake happens in one of a small number of cancer genes, a tumor is born.
If you sequence the genome of a tumor, it is (mostly) all the same sequence, and is descended from the cell that got the last cancer causing mutation, making that cell grow faster than the surrounding cells.
The mutations that you see in a tumor are the cancer causing mutations, AND all the harmless mutations that happened before the cancer causing mutation. Its like an ancestry family tree that records all the mutations that were going on in all the different normal cells before one cell took a hit to a cancer gene. I call this molecular archeology, and you can look back in time through the molecular fossil record and see history.
Step 1. This is a picture of the gblock standard and the locations of the primers used in the PCR.
Step 2. Prepare serial dilutions of this gBLOCK standard. We use these concentrations and we dilute them in a solution of 0.3ng/ul human genomic DNA.. the HGDNA just prevents the gBLOCK standard from absorbing to the walls of the tube. Skip the HGDNA if you want to make fresh standard every week or if you use low-bind tubes.
a. 100,000 copies / 2ul
b. 10,000 copies / 2ul
c. 1,000 copies / 2ul
d. 100 copies / 2ul
e. 10 copies / 2ull
f. 0 copies / 2ul
DNA methylation in NORMAL colon can identify who does and does not have colon cancer. its not perfect, but its pretty good. the loci that are differentially methylated between people with and without cancer are the same loci that change dramatically over time as people age. Cancer patients have normal colons that aged too quickly.
the developmental biologist will know why this is super interesting. HOX genes have the methylation age clock screwed up.
An open appeal to health care workers around the world. The Pfizer vaccine is contaminated with plasmid DNA. I want to test tissue and blood samples from people recently vaccinated and see if there is any evidence of this DNA integrating into host genomic DNA. PM me if you would like to help. Thanks. -Dr B.
but I think that today because of what people are worried about if I checked 20 or 30 cases of myocarditis, and they were all negative it would put some concerns to rest. And that would be a good thing. Alternatively, if I find it in the myocardium, or the pericardium we have an evidence of an easy fix to a serious problem
@KnowledgeAcqui1 @nellage but even PBMC’s from recently VAX people could be very useful, even if the results are negative. It could eliminate some possibilities.