Mike Sowden Profile picture
Dec 3, 2021 22 tweets 11 min read Read on X
In January of this year, photos started bouncing round the internet of this deeply weird thing happening in the sky above Glasgow. Photoshop trickery?

The bizarre truth:
- yes, everyone really saw these
- no, they're not faked or manmade
- they absolutely don't exist.

🧵

1/ Image
Here's the same thing happening above London (the other one, in Ontario, Canada) in 2018.

Again: these *aren't* spotlights shining upwards. They alse aren't the Northern Lights.

Also, they aren't actually there, even though everyone can see them.

Deep, deep weirdness.

2/ Image
From a year early, again in Ontario (North Bay this time):

Yes, they come in different colours too.

Really gorgeous, right? Like an incredibly relaxing version of fireworks that even dogs could get behind.

(And yes, dogs should be able to see them too.)

3/ Image
But there are different levels of unreality at work here.

The light creating this effect certainly exists. And the optical conditions making us see these pillars of light - they exist too.

But the columns themselves?

They just aren't there.

4/ Image
This stunning example from weather enthusiast @TomPurdyWI is truly magnificent.

I would have sat there until all my extremities turned numb - which would have only taken minutes. This effect relies on very cold weather...

Okay, time for the science.

5/ Image
The atmospheric optical illusion known as a Light Pillar relies on ice crystals in the air, drifting slowly downwards.

Most are flat & hexagonal, & most align themselves horizontally. A slow rain of tiny fancy-gastropub dinner plates, made of ice...

6/ Image
...and the ones aligned *just so*...they act like mirrors.

They catch the light from somewhere distant and bounce it into your eyes.

But you mainly see the light from crystals at a certain distance from you. Different heights - same distance.

7/ Image
Looking at this diagram again (via lwpetersen.com/atmospheric-op…):

The dashed line is the illusion we see. It's our interpretation of the very real photons hitting our retinas.

And it creates a pillar of light that isn't really there.

I mean, this is barmy, right?

8/ Image
When you see light pillars, like these over Pinedale, Wyoming (pic. David J. Bell), you're really seeing reflected light from ice crystals hanging in the air halfway between you & where these pillars *appear* to be.

You won't believe it at the time, though. (I wouldn't.)

9/ Image
If you're thinking 'Does this happen with sunlight and moonlight too?' then full marks awarded!

This is a Sun Pillar over Norway, via apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap180606.….

10/ Image
And here is a Moon Pillar over Antarctica, in a photo by Daniel Michalik, a research fellow at the European Space Agency.

*Wildly* beautiful.

11/ Image
Tragically, I'm about to be kicked out of the coffeeshop I'm writing in. Time to wrap this up.

But I'll soon be writing about all this in my @SubstackInc newsletter, 'Everything Is Amazing'. Want more? Sign up!

everythingisamazing.substack.com

Thanks for reading. :) #YayScience
Final point: where I haven't given credit in the thread to their original photographers and their *amazing* work here (none of these pics are mine except his one), I will be doing so fully in my upcoming newsletter.

Photographers deserve full credit in all cases.

Ta. Image
Update:

A beautiful example here, courtesy of @_TheGeoff:
Further update! This pic's by @hanshovmoller, and taken in Sweden this January. Feast your eyes, folks. What a stunner.

Since this thread is currently exploding in a way I was NOT expecting (good lord), a few other optical illusion threads you may enjoy:

- the "you can't unsee this" hilarity of pareidolia:

- the floating oddness of fata morgana:
And even more threads!

1/ The greatest travel journalism hoax in British history:

2/ An imaginary American town that refused to stay fake:

3/ Why all our maps could be the wrong way round:
Also: a bit off-thread, but since so many gamers are here shouting "loot boxes!", here's a plug for my favourite game, #TheLongDark, from @HinterlandGames & @RaphLife:

store.steampowered.com/app/305620/The…

It'll make you feel much of the cold, glittery wonder in the photos in this thread.
And a final shout-out to @StephNx79, whose photo is at the top of this thread, which started me down this whole fascinating rabbit-hole of optical delightfulness: (Apologies to Steph that I didn't spot their equally viral tweet until now!)
And *finally* finally - here's my writeup of the whole thing, with a few more pics + additional metaphysical weirdness:

everythingisamazing.substack.com/p/the-best-vir…

Thanks for reading this thread! (What a whopper it's become, whew.) Image
Bonus atmospheric optical shenanigans: fogbows! I had no idea these existed: bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englan… (h/t @hellobensalt)
*Update*: My final optical illusions thread just went up - and it's a mindboggling one:

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More from @Mikeachim

Mar 19
I thought I knew the story of the "lost world" off the east coast of Britain, inhabited by Mesolithic people until rising sea waters engulfed it around 8,000 years ago...

But I didn't know about the *tsunami*.

Holy hell.

1/ Image
What follows is my imperfect grasp of things.

Imperfect because I'm just an enthusiast who likes science - and also imperfect because, excitingly, the work is still going on, as part of one of the greatest prehistoric archaeological investigations in history.

2/ Image
One September night in 1931, the British vessel Colinda hauled up its nets 25 miles off the Norfolk coast - and found something beautiful & deadly.

Embedded in a lump of peat was this 8.5 inch prehistoric harpoon, carved from bone or antler...

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Read 18 tweets
Mar 18
When I wrote about the Zanclean Megaflood filling the Mediterranean in 12-18 months (!) it was wistfully.

I'm English. Lovely place, England! But - Big Geological Drama? Not round 'ere, sadly.

Imagine my delight at what geophysicists have found in the English Channel!

1/ Image
500,000 years ago, Britain was still part of the continental European landmass via a land-bridge - the Weald-Artois anticline, formed as rock buckled across Europe as the African plate ground northwards over tens of millions of years.

(This also made the Alps!)

But...

2/ Image
...surely it was nibbled away gradually, as water crept in over thousands of years?

That was the assumption until recently.

But in 2015, bathymetric data collected by marine geophysicists at Imperial College showed 36 underwater “islands” suggesting a different story!

3/ Image
Read 11 tweets
Mar 10
I recently learned something amazing about the Arctic - & my tiny mind is blown.

In my ignorance, I've always believed it's featureless & barren. But now I've learned what's underneath it - & if THAT was on dry land, it'd be a wonder of the modern world.

Buckle up!

1/ Image
This is Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765): Russian polymath, scientist, writer - a lesser-known Isaac Newton.

He discovered the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions, first saw Venus has an atmosphere, founded some of the key principles of modern geology...

2/ Image
...and a town, a lunar crater, a *Martian* crater, a satellite, a porcelain factory (!) and an asteroid have all been named after him.

And at some point, as legend has it, he predicted there was something MASSIVE under the Arctic ice.

3/ Image
Read 18 tweets
Mar 9
OK, this is nuts.

In Sept 2023, geophysicists over the world started monitoring an odd signal coming from the ground under them.

It was recorded in the Arctic, then Antarctica - then everywhere, every 90 seconds, regular as a metronome - for NINE DAYS.

What the HELL?

1/ Image
In seismology, this is a USO: an Unidentified Seismic Object.

Perhaps if this discovery had leaked into mainstream news as quickly as potential alien biosignatures tend to do, we’d currently be seeing a big comeback for the HOLLOW EARTH ‘theory’.

Thankfully not the case!

2/ Image
Instead, in the best collaborative tradition of modern science, researchers across the globe - 68 scientists from 40 institutions in 15 countries - joined forces to track down the signal’s source.

What they found was astonishing!

(Yes yes, I'm getting there.)

3/ Image
Read 11 tweets
Mar 8
A while back, I learned something mindblowing about the geological history of the Mediterranean Sea, and I just can't get it out of my head.

Now I'm going to make it *your* problem too. Sorry.

Hang onto your hat. This gets wild.

1/ Image
This is the Strait of Gibraltar, where Europe and Africa reach out to almost touch each other.

At this point there's only 13km/ 8 miles between them - & it's where the Med feeds into the Atlantic.

Imagine if something absurdly violent happened & it closed up?

2/ Image
No need to imagine - because it actually did.

It's called the Messinian Salinity Crisis, & it happened around 5-6 million years ago:

After a presumably colossal tectonic shift, the Pillars of Hercules closed (or more correctly were bridged)...

3/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian…Image
Read 16 tweets
Nov 8, 2022
On the 21st July 1976, NASA released the very first colour image taken by the Viking 1 lander from the surface of Mars.

And....wait, what?

The Martian sky is BLUE?

1/ Image
This is obviously not what anyone was expecting. Mars is...

Well, you can see it for yourself on a clear night, with your naked eye. It's noticeably red - about as red as Betelgeuse, tenth-brightest star in our night sky.

No blue. So - what? WHAT?

2/ ImageImage
The Martian atmosphere just isn't thick enough to be blue - just 600 pascals, vs the Earth's 101,000.

That scene in "The Martian" where the rocket's in danger of being blown over? No, sir. Not enough punch to it: space.com/30663-the-mart…

3/ Image
Read 22 tweets

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