Is it dumbness or deliberate blindness that prevents USC officials from listening to their students and faculty? Death threats were disseminated against Zionists. Incriminating statements were made against the very being of Israel. 60 distinguished professors are pleading 1/4
with USC leadership to explicitly de-criminalize Zionist and Israeli identities [quoting from their Letter]:
"Most importantly, Jewish, Zionist, and Israeli students, as well as those who support the right of the State of Israel to exist need to hear from our leaders that 2/4
they are welcome on our campus." Yet, stunningly, in their response, USC leaders blatantly and meticulously refrain from spelling out the words "Zionist" and "Israel", leaving thousands of students, faculty, staff, potential students, parents of USC students, and the 3/4
community at large wondering: Does "Israel" have a spelling? Are Zionist welcome on USC campus? Are Israel-supporting professors who have devoted their professional lives to an institution welcome on a campus they have helped build? usc-faaz-12-2021.org 4/4
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A new book "Causation in Science, by Yemima Ben-Menahem makes the point that, in ordinary scientific practice, conservation constraints often serve as explanations. For example: "Why did the roller coaster slow down"? "Because energy must be conserved" watermark.silverchair.com/fzab078.pdf?to…
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To include such constraints as "causal explanations" Ben-Menachem advocates abandoning the paradigm that causation is a relation between events, or variables. I hesitate! Considering the fact that conversational utterances are in themselves products of language constraints, 2/4
they are hardly in a position to illuminate the nature of causation. To elaborate, all scientific languages, until 1920, were wedded to the symmetric algebraic equality "=", lacking notation for the assignment operator ":=", with which causal asymmetries can be expressed.
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1/5 Finding a do-operator in a @DeepMind article is a tectonic progress that deserves welcoming blessing. The "delusions" treated in this article are endemic of "Evidential Decision Theory" which Causality (ch 4.1.1 ucla.in/38bmhnO)
summarizes in a mnemonic limerick:
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- Whatever evidence an act might provide
- On what could have caused the act,
- Should never be used to help one decide
- On whether to choose that same act.
Typical real life ramifications of these delusions are: (1) patients should avoid going to the doctor “to reduce the
3/5 probability that one is seriously ill”
(2) workers should never hurry to work, to reduce the probability of having overslept, and more.
The deployment of the do-operator eliminates these "delusions" and has led to the "sequential backdoor criterion" of Sec. 4.4.3.
1/ To appreciate what I mean by "assumptions whose plausibility you cannot judge" I often ask readers to examine how Imbens and Rubin (2015) define "unconfoundedness", the key concept needed for all causal inference. Quoting from their page 479, we find (fasten your seat belts):
2/: First,"the conditional distribution of the outcome under the control treatment, Y i (0), given receipt of the active treatment and given covariates, is identical to its distribution conditional on receipt of the control treatment and conditional on covariates, and second,
3/ that, analogously, the conditional distribution of the outcome under the active treatment, Y i (1), given receipt of the control treatment and conditional
on covariates, is identical to its distribution given receipt of the active treatment and conditional on covariates." No!
1/ I'm compelled to retweet this thread because so often I see well-intentioned people assuming that a "happy ever after" 1-state solution is inevitable because Palestinian's rejection of Jewish self determination (in ANY borders) is so total and deeply entrenched that any other
2/ arrangement amounts to endless blood shed. As one born in Israel and tuned daily to the country's pulse, let me mention another factor which is often ignored in conversations about the 1-state fantasy. Israelis resistance to a 1-state solution is at least as total and deeply
3/ entrenched as the Palestinians' rejection of Zionism. For Israelis, the idea of relinquishing Statehood (i.e., right to self defense and border control) towers as a collective suicide, against which people are willing to fight to the last soul (barring a few ultra orthodox
It's now 34-countries boycotting the Durban Conference, but my eyes are still on Norway. Oh Norway, Norway! How could your Gv't face it's people: Sorry, we fell asleep, and found ourselves swimming in the cesspool of civilization. To honor readers whose Governments remained 1/2
morally sober, I am listing the 34 countries that decided to boycott the Zionophobic Durban Conference:
Albania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, 2/
1/ Summarizing our discussion of "demand" via "ceteris paribus" (CP), we've seen that, once formalized, CP amounts to comparing Y under two settings of X, say X=x and X=x', while leaving other variables in the structural equation for Y unchanged. The beauty of formal definitions
2/ is that they hold for all models and are independent on the meanings of X, Y,Z, etc,
or the procedure by which we estimate things. Leveraging these beauties, we come to realize that the resultant CP definition of "demand" is none other but the counterfactual definition of
3/ Causal Effect, namely {Y(x, Z),Y(x', Z)}, where Z is the set of other variables in the eq. of Y, both observed and unobserved. Thus, the analysis of "demand" can benefit directly from the literature on causal effects, presenting no peculiarities that demand special treatments.