Our new paper in @EJCI_News argues that Randomized trials are necessary in medicine & PH for interventions w putative benefit & at best MED to LG effect size.
Parachutes & smoking are not good counter examples
Some people argue that b/c we did not need RCTs to know smoking is harmful or Parachutes are life saving, we don't need them to test cloth masking, or the Impella, or some new cancer drug, or HCQ, or <insert ur favorite practice>
But this is based on misunderstanding
There is a huge range of things we can do to someone that might hurt them or save them, imagine the spectrum (below)
Let's start on the harms side
At most extreme, you could shoot someone in the chest at point blank range or throw them off a cliff
There has never been an RCT that doing that is harmful.
Wow, who knew?!?
But we know it is harmful. The effect size is massive. Near certain death.
Now, look at the right most edge
There is no RCT that pulling someone out of the way of a speeding truck is life saving, & no (non-humorous) RCT of parachutes but again the effect size is massive.
Visible to naked eye
Now look to the middle left.
Smoking, pollutants in the water, carcinogens in food-- none of these have RCTs showing they are harmful, and we generally do no not run RCTs for putative harms
We draw upon risk factor epi & make a determination that mitigation is reasonable.
If we wish, we can subject smoking CESSATION strategies to an RCT. You can power trials for smoking reduction, but there is no rule that says you can't power them for all cause mortality
By doing that, you immediate move to the right side of the mid-point; the green arrow
you have an intervention that possibly offers a modest to marginal effect size.
Turns out that is where most of biomedicine lies
Or what we call "The RCT Zone"
Here, RCTs are desperately needed to separate true effect from hope & wishful thinking & propaganda
Early in the pandemic, some opposed cloth mask RCTs saying that cloth masks were like a parachute
Seemed farfetched to me, and now
That was a terrible decision
Of course their effect on the primary endpoint in Bangladesh was 0%. Cloth failed. Surgical had 11% RRR (but open Qs)
Regardless, RCTs were not only possible, they were desperately needed; the effect size was at best modest but possibly null, and RCTs work well to separate
True effects from wishful thinking
If we had more RCTs of masking-- particularly kids in school--- we would end a bitter debate that is driven by low credibility data
Now out in @EJCI_News
Logan Powell & I show where randomized trials necessary
When people say 'we don't need an RCT of smoking (to prove harm) or parachutes (to prove benefit)' does that apply to widespread medical interventions?
🧵 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ec…
Led by Timothee Olivier, our new paper is now out at @JAMANetworkOpen
We analyze 12 years of FDA approvals, and do the hard work of sorting them into
New Mechanism of Action (MOA)
& New MOA for that tumor type
Vs next in class
Few prelim thoughts on this trial (from quick read) #ASH21 1. It is not a 'second line' trial, it is a trial in the worst subset of second line pts & cannot extrapolate beyond
Primary refractory & relapse <12 mo
(TBH, a lot of people doing this already)
As such, it should not generalize to relapse > 12 months
2. That said, for those included, axi-cel seems preferable to chemo then auto; I am not surprised this is true in the most chemo insensitive biology. But a few more thoughts
3. This is Wrong, you are not supposed to do this 👇👇
Standard practice is to take these pts to CAR-T if needed in the control arm; thus, you must compare routine, upfront CAR-T to using CAR-T as salvage when indicated and standard of care.