This follows up on the "Classical Music ≠ Concert Music" thread since we now have mature concert music traditions globally that use notation regularly in their Indigenous or hybridized composition traditions.
What counts as notation is also highly variable and different notations have different universal AND a context-dependent aspects per Bhagwati's <Notational Perspective>.
Not to mention that Ekphonetic notations are probably the most common forms of music notations and can be found worldwide in all the major world religions.
Notation is a necessity when you have large groups of instruments playing the same parts and nearly all of these global orch. traditions use it to train players to play in unison with each other, much like Ephonetic notations for large groups of singers.
Having a healthy understanding of global composition traditions and history would probably eliminate any equivocation of notated/composed music with classical music. Or maybe not.
Not to mention, going back to the tendency to refer to classical music as European music, how that makes it easy to exclude oral classical music traditions, many of which exist outside of Europe.
Also, classical music ecosystems in colonized countries, especially where Indigenous peoples and slaves were forced to play it, was almost invariably oral traditions.
Case in point. Centuries of oral traditions in classical music globally can't combat the equivocation of classical music with notated music if those histories are intentionally excluded.
And it's kind of mind-boggling to think that for centuries, all around the world classical music was taught by ear, by force, to slaves and Indigenous peoples.
Back to the OT topic, we also should account for non-notated traditions or forms in more recent strands of classical music, especially those which invest a lot in improvisation. Soundpainting and Soundpainting ensembles come to mind here. silpayamanant.wordpress.com/new-music-ense…
My Bibliography of Slave Orchestras, Choirs, Bands, and Ensembles in the Journal of Music History Pedagogy (JMHP) Special Issue: Global Music History Course Design: A Pedagogical Toolbox with Syllabi.
While working on the database of Popular Music Schools, I came across a piece with a bio of the child prodigy Cecil Cowles (1893-1968) which stated that:
"In recent years [1920s-1940] Miss Cowles has been active in the field of composition, particularly in Oriental music."
A San Francisco Chronicle piece about Cecil Cowles from 17 June 1923 says: "The other occasion was a recital of her own in which she played her Song Without Words, In a Rickshaw , Chinese Dance and Valse Caprice..."
The main thesis of my piece “Orientalism, Perpetually Foreign Musics, and Asian Exclusion” is that that the systematic exclusion of Asian/American musics led to a vacuum filled by racial fantasy works composed and performed by white Americans in both classical and popular musics.
Normalize not centering Western Chord labels in Music Theory. In quintal harmony, it'd be a C2; In a quartal one it's a D5/2; not sus chords at all. Parallel seconds (and ninths) are way common in Eastern Orthodox traditions.
"The notations of znamenny polyphony require a special approach to their transcription; but when correctly read the music of the ‘scores’ abounds in harsh sonorities in the form of extended parallel seconds & fifths.”
Brazhnikov, qtd in Swan "Russian Music & its Sources..." p45
“The voices enter at the interval of the second and, within a short period of time, four more vertical intervals of the second appear in a row. In the process, the voices cross.”
Vladislav Uspensky, quoted in Johann von Gardner's "Russian Church Singing" Vol. 2, pg. 316
"An organ was installed on a Northwest Stratocruiser in the 1950s through an arrangement with local musician Swanee Swanson. The organists received free flights to New York and other East Coast destinations."
Welsh Harp tablature from the *Robert ap Huw manuscript* (1613). The manuscript is the oldest extant source of primarily Late Medieval eisteddfod repertory that dates to 1340-1500 and was compiled by Robert ap Huw (c.1580-1665).
Short segment on the *Robert ap Huw manuscript* in Rhodri McDonagh's wonderful "Welsh Trad Music | A Beginner's Guide" video (cued up to that segment below). The whole vid is worth a watch and is only 24 minutes.
Bangor University's "Music of the Robert ap Huw Manuscript" page with other resources for Cerdd Dant and other British Isles harp traditions.
One of the things I love about Georgian Harmony is that it's based on what's essentially close to a functionally 7TET/EDO collection of pitches. Many global harmonic systems are built on different tuning systems than those in what's typically referred to as Western harmony.
The above image from Malkhaz Erkvanidze's "On Georgian Scale System" pg. 181