This is where Napoleon first displayed his greatness.
The Siege of Toulon in 1793.
"I have no words to describe Bonaparte's merit: much technical skill, an equal degree of intelligence, and too much gallantry."
What was so impressive about this young Corsican man?
Let's see.
Like Napoleon said himself,
"It was in Toulon that my reputation began."
The siege of Toulon was a very important battle for revolutionary French Republic as they faced an alliance of local rebels and foreign powers of the anti-French coalition. They had recapture the very important and well fortified naval base of Toulon.
The insurrection in Toulon was aided by Britain, Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. If successful it would cripple the French navy which had one third of its ships stationed in Toulon, now in enemy hands. For the French Republic it was absolutely vital to win this battle.
The forces of the French republic had a substantial numerical superiority but Toulon was a very tough city to besiege and the French leadership was very poor. The defenders were also able to get supplies uninterruptedly aided by British and Spanish ships which supported them.
And here comes Napoleon who had just turned 24. He arrived to Toulon to replace the wounded commander of the artillery. At the time he was totally unknown and with only minimal combat experience from Corsica.
Napoleon immediately saw that the French commanders had no idea what they were doing. He proposed to them a plan to capture the fort of l'Eguillette on the hill of Cairo from which he could bombard the city port and force the foreign allies of the rebels to flee on their ships.
French commander Carteaux reluctantly accepted Napoleon's plan but committed much less men than Napoleon suggested to the offensive. Because of this the offensive not just failed but also alerted the British to strengthen the positions and fortified them.
This demonstrates just how inept the commanders were and this frustrated Napoleon. However in the meantime Napoleon was winning the men over with his courage and bravado. He was also overseeing the construction of siege batteries and displayed tireless work ethic and dedication.
At one point Napoleon invited representatives of French government to visit one of his batteries. He deliberately invited them to a very dangerous spot which was engaging the warships. After a near miss the representatives ran for cover while the amused Napoleon kept standing.
Besides continuously exposing himself to danger, Napoleon was also one of few senior officers who slept in the forward positions with his men instead of in comfortable quarters behind the lines.
Meanwhile the useless commander Carteaux was replaced by an equally useless former doctor Doppet until finally a career soldier Jacques François Dugommier took over. Dugommier instantly recognized the genius of Napoleon and was willing to fully commit to his plans.
Napoleon's plan remained the same, to capture the hill Cairo and bombard the city from there. However this position was now well fortified and the French called it "little Gibraltar". Napoleon nevertheless planned a full assault on this position.
As he arranged his battalions Napoleon placed one of the artillery batteries so close to enemy positions that everyone thought this was suicidal madness and that the soldiers would be too demoralized to take part. However Napoleon knew how to inspire his men...
Napoleon decided to give this battery a name that would reflect the glory and prestige of taking part in such dangerous mission.
He decided to name it simply as the battery of the "Men Without Fear"!
Napoleon recruited for this battery with following words, "I need men, real men, men with balls, certainly not sissies. I would never ask them to take an enemy position, but I insist that they follow me to that position. If you are one of those men, raise your hand."
With this inspiring moment of pure charisma and leadership, Napoleon achieved that there was no shortage of volunteers for this "suicidal" battery and it became a badge of honor to serve among the "Men Without Fear"! Napoleon himself stood on the battery's earthen rampart!
And here you can already see the glimpses of this great man who would put entire Europe on its knees. In a space of just few months, this unknown 24-year-old from Corsica convinced the men to fight and die for him with fanatical fervor. They wanted to fight for Napoleon!
Napoleon's attack succeeded. During the crucial assault he took part in the brutal fighting himself and was wounded with a bayonet after his horse was killed beneath him. While he was recovering from this wound, the city of Toulon fell as the first of many victims of Napoleon.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
It's wild how Denmark had colonies in India for more than 200 years from 1620 to 1869.
Fort Dansborg, built in 1620, still stands today in the Bay of Bengal.
They had forts, factories, trading posts. But they eventually sold their possessions to British Empire.
The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat so they let them carve out their own niche.
A map of Danish trade routes in the region.
The operation was initially conducted by Danish East India Company.
But the early years of the Danish adventure in India in 1620s were horrible. Almost two-thirds of all the trading vessels dispatched from Denmark were lost.
English explorer John Smith, famous for his involvement in establishing the Jamestown colony in America in 1607.
His coat of arms featured the heads of three Ottoman soldiers whom he beheaded in duels while serving as a mercenary in Transylvania during the Long Turkish War.
John Smith is known today for his role in managing the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, and his connection with a Powhatan woman called Pocahontas.
But John Smith was also a powerful warrior and mercenary prior to that.
Born in England, he set off to sea in 1596 at age 16 after his father died to become a mercenary, fighting for the French against the Spanish.
He was looking for what he called "brave adventures".
After a truce was made in 1598, he joined a French pirate crew in Mediterranean.
Many Irishmen served the Habsburgs over centuries and distinguished themselves.
Over 100 Irishmen were field marshals, generals, or admirals in the Austrian Army!
Some of the illustrious Irish warriors serving the Habsburg emperors. 🧵
In 1853 there was an assassination attempt on emperor Franz Joseph in Vienna by a Hungarian nationalist.
But the emperor's life was saved by Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell who cut the assassin down with a sabre.
O'Donnell was a descendant of Irish nobility!
Maximilian ancestors -the powerful O'Donnell clan- left Ireland during the Flight of the Earls in 1607, when Irish earls and their followers left Ireland in the aftermath of their defeat against the English Crown in the Nine Years' War in 1603.
Many inns appeared in medieval Europe, offering foods, drinks and a place to socialize, as well as lodging for travelers, helping transportation logistics.
In this thread I will present some of the old medieval inns that survived to this day, from various European countries!🧵
The George Inn. Norton St Philip in Somerset, England 🏴.
Built in 14th century and completed in 15th century, this is a proper medieval inn.
Being an innkeeper was a respected social position. In medieval England, innkeepers were generally wealthy and held influence in towns!
Stiftskeller St. Peter. St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg, Austria 🇦🇹.
Often mentioned as the oldest inn in Central Europe, for it was first mentioned in 803 in a letter to Charlemagne.
It operated as part of the monastery to give food to pilgrims. Now a prestigious restaurant.
This is the Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen made in 1937.
I was always fascinated with this car.
It's crazy how in 1938 this car recorded a speed of 432.7 km/h (268.9 mph). This remained the fastest ever officially timed speed on a public road until broken in 2017.
The record was set by German driver Rudolf Caracciola who drove this car on the Reichs-Autobahn A5 between Frankfurt and Darmstadt on 28 January 1938.
This reflected the obsession with breaking records and showcasing industrial prowess of nations at the time.
The onlookers who observed the spectacle of a car racing at astonishing 432.7 km/h past them also noted the brutal boom of the side spewing exhaust stacks as the silver car hurtled past.
It must have been an incredible spectacle to witness!