Today 12 February is anniversary of the Battle of the Herrings during the Hundred Years' War in 1429. The French attacked the English supply convoy of around 300 wagons which carried weapons and food, including barrels of herring (type of fish)! The English beat the attackers!
The English had been besieging the city of Orléans and a supply convoy was headed from Paris led by Sir John Fastolf. He commanded a force of around 1000 archers and some light cavalry that escorted around 300 carts and wagons carried to the besiegers at Orléans!
Sir John Fastolf was a brave man and a very capable commander. An experienced veteran who was also a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter! He was entrusted to bring safely to Orléans the convoy which also carried salted fish, "herring and Lenten stuff"!
This fish herring was for the meatless Lenten days that were approaching! On the way to Orléans they encountered a much larger French force of around 4000 led by Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Clermont. This French force also included many Scottish soldiers!
Fastolf needed to react quickly and decided to use the supply wagons for defense, forming a wagon fort and enforcing it with wooden stakes to make it even harder for the enemy to come near. He then placed the famed English longbowmen to defend it!
Duke of Clermont wisely avoided assaulting this improvised English fortress and ordered his artillery to fire at the wagon fort. Even though artillery was still primitive back then, it had success and caused casualties among the English as well as destroying some wagons!
However the restless Scottish soldiers in French service ignored the orders of Clermont forbidding any attack and charged at English positions. This forced the French to stop the bombardment in order not to hit their own troops. Longbowmen fired at the Scots and killed many!
Longbowmen were massacring the lightly armored Scottish and the French cavalry tried to assist them but were stopped by the stakes. The French infantry was less eager to participate in this suicidal mission and stayed back. The French forces were in total chaos and disarray!
Sensing opportunity, Fastolf ordered his light cavalry known as the hobilars to charge at the disorganized enemy! The charge was successful and the French routed in panic. This was yet another spectacular victory for the English! But the tide would start to turn soon...
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It's crazy how Americans bought the myth that during the time of Columbus people thought that the earth was flat, a complete lie popularized by quasi-historian Washington Irving in 1828.
This globe was literally made before Columbus' discovery, and has no America on it.
Washington Irving completely invented a fictional dialogue between Columbus and the Council of Salamanca, where the clergy supposedly objected him on the ground that the earth was flat.
His fraudulent book would become the most popular book on Columbus in English-speaking world.
This lie was then picked on in America and expended as some sort of anti-Catholic anti-medieval founding myth, where Columbus was supposedly representing enlightenment rationalism against irrationality and dogmatism of the Church.
The idea that monarchy and republic are opposed to each other is a modern thing.
The term republic (res publica) was often used to describe medieval kingdoms.
Even by 16th century the Kingdom of France was still called both a republic and a monarchy at the same time!
The Kingdom of France defined itself by the phrase of "chose publique" (res publica) from 1350s to 1580s, also using the word respublique, to describe the relation between the King of France and his subject.
The term was then replaced by State (État).
The absolutist French monarchy which emerged in 17th century preferred the term State over republic, and talked of the "good of the State".
However the term state also comes from earlier medieval concepts like status regis at regni (the state of the king and the kingdom).
16th century Romans developed an interesting tradition of "talking statues", attaching anonymous political commentary on statues.
The Pasquino was the first of such statues.🧵
The Pasquino is an old statue in Rome dating back to Antiquity.
It was one of many random statues in Rome until early 16th century when Cardinal Oliveiro Carafa decorated the statue with Latin epigrams on the occasion of the Feast of Saint Mark.
The Cardinal's actions unintentionally inspired ordinary Roman people to start writing satirical poems and attaching them to the Pasquino.
It is speculated that these were first only consisting of lowbrow humor, but they soon began including controversial political criticism!