Medieval slave trade in the Eastern Mediterranean was very profitable for both the Ottomans and the Italian merchants of Venice and Genoa!

Here are the prices of slaves in late 1430s Constantinople (from the book European and Islamic trade in the Early Ottoman State by K. Fleet)
Race of slaves was an important factor.

Tatars, Circassians, Bulgars and Russians were the most valued slaves in Genoa!

The Genoese had no problem with buying and selling Orthodox Christian slaves.

Muslim Turkish and Saracen slaves (captured in raids) were valued less.
Similarly in the Mamluk Sultanate (both the Genoese and Ottomans sold slaves to them) Tatars were the most expensive (130-140 ducats), followed by Circassians (110-120 ducats), Greeks (90 ducats), Albanians, Dalmatians and Serbs (70-80 ducats).

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More from @LandsknechtPike

Feb 17
The Hessians! The largest contingent of the German mercenaries who fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War! Long vilified by the Americans, the Hessians were highly disciplined and skilled elite troops. How did such a small German state provide so many soldiers?
The Hessians came from the small Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire, a small Calvinist state that has suffered heavily in Thirty Years' War where it had fought on the Protestant side. War and extreme militarism would mark the Hessians since then.
During the 18th century it was common for many smaller German states to send their soldiers to foreign powers for money. This was a profitable source of income and as a result many of these states were highly militarized. Hesse-Kassel was the most militarized of them all!
Read 25 tweets
Feb 12
Today 12 February is anniversary of the Battle of the Herrings during the Hundred Years' War in 1429. The French attacked the English supply convoy of around 300 wagons which carried weapons and food, including barrels of herring (type of fish)! The English beat the attackers!
The English had been besieging the city of Orléans and a supply convoy was headed from Paris led by Sir John Fastolf. He commanded a force of around 1000 archers and some light cavalry that escorted around 300 carts and wagons carried to the besiegers at Orléans!
Sir John Fastolf was a brave man and a very capable commander. An experienced veteran who was also a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter! He was entrusted to bring safely to Orléans the convoy which also carried salted fish, "herring and Lenten stuff"!
Read 9 tweets
Feb 11
The main problem the Spanish Army of Flanders had leading up to Rocroi is that because of conflicts and distrust between different commanders, certain units of the army basically functioned as separate armies. It was hard to coordinate and impose a disciplined battle plan.
The tercio tactics were still brilliant defensively but lacked mobility and cooperation with the cavalry offensively. This was even more hindered by the fact that Spanish cavalry was of inferior quality and the lack of central command to coordinate units like at Rocroi.
For example at Rocroi the Spanish commander Melo gave Issembourg's Alsatian cavalry independent role where it was first used in a useless task of guarding the fortress of Rocroi then engaging in a successful yet underutilized counterattack on the French without proper back up.
Read 6 tweets
Feb 10
The Battle of Rocroi, the legendary last stand of the tercios! On 19 May 1643 the Spanish Army of Flanders was decisively defeated by the French near the fortress of Rocroi. During this chaotic and bloody battle, the bravery of Spanish tercios achieved great fame even in defeat!
The battle of Rocroi happened in the context of the Franco-Spanish War which began in 1635 when Catholic France cynically entered the Thirty Years' War as an ally of the Protestant Dutch and Swedish to combat their Habsburg rivals.
Spain had already been in war with the Dutch for decades and this new war with France pushed Spain to the limits as it now had to protect the "Spanish road" through which troops were transported to Flanders. On top of that, revolts broke out in Portugal and Catalonia.
Read 25 tweets
Feb 2
This is where Napoleon first displayed his greatness.

The Siege of Toulon in 1793.

"I have no words to describe Bonaparte's merit: much technical skill, an equal degree of intelligence, and too much gallantry."

What was so impressive about this young Corsican man?

Let's see. Image
Like Napoleon said himself,

"It was in Toulon that my reputation began." Image
The siege of Toulon was a very important battle for revolutionary French Republic as they faced an alliance of local rebels and foreign powers of the anti-French coalition. They had recapture the very important and well fortified naval base of Toulon. Image
Read 19 tweets
Feb 1
Today 1 February is the anniversary of the Skirmish at Bender when in 1713 around 600 Ottomans attacked Swedish King Charles XII protected by around 40 soldiers. Why did the Ottomans attack the Swedish King so far away from his home in modern-day Moldavia? I explain... (thread) Image
After the battle of Poltava in 1709 where the Russians defeated the Swedish, Swedish King Charles XII fled to the Ottoman Empire, an enemy of Russia. He would spend the next 4 years in the Ottoman lands! Image
The Swedish King was initially well accepted and settled in Bender, an Ottoman-controlled town in modern-day Moldavia which had a fortress. ImageImageImage
Read 9 tweets

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