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Balaji Profile picture
@balajis
Feb 26, 2022 • 14 tweets • 6 min read • Read on X
Start with four camps.

1) The US is not in decline

2) The US is in decline, but it can be reversed

3) The US is in decline, and it can’t be reversed

4) The US is in decline, and it can’t be reversed, but we can blunt the impact and build a new liberal order on the other side
Camp 1 are those who dispute the US is in decline.

Many people are in denial. Some get mad if you point at qualitative and quantitative evidence.

But only the paranoid survive. Denial of decline means you cannot even diagnose the cause, let alone take measures to reverse it. Image
Camp 2 believes the US has declined, but it can be reversed.

While they have *very* different visions of what that reversal means, both centrist liberals like my friend @Noahpinion and MAGA types want to see America “awake from its slumber” and start kicking butt again. Image
Camp 3 are those who believe the US is in decline, it can’t be reversed, and that this is actually good.

This includes people on the anti-imperialist left, on the paleocon right, and many foreign powers — not just traditional rivals, but others that don’t like US intervention. Image
Camp 4 is where I am. I think the US was on balance a force for good till recently. I don’t think decline is reversible — it’s barely acknowledged. But I also think we’ll miss it when it’s gone.

So: how to defend liberal values when the US isn’t globocop?
foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/11/bit…
The US has now played the role of global policeman for decades. It’s had a mixed record. And the American public has grown justifiably tired of the expense in blood and treasure. Image
Perhaps sensing this, just months after the Afghanistan defeat, Russia invaded Ukraine.

Leading to many cynical memes from Ukrainians like one below. Of course, we must avoid direct US/RU conflict as it could lead to nuclear escalation.

But decline meant deterrence failed. Image
Mearsheimer correctly predicted this years ago.

The US encouraged Ukraine to take a more aggressive stance than it would have otherwise. But the commitment was insufficient to deter.

In part because decline has meant decline in foreign policy realism.
If we are realists, we see that in Hong Kong, Afghanistan, and now Ukraine the US — understandably — is no longer ready to pay any price, bear any burden.

There are limits. You can’t rely on them for deterrence. Other countries are realizing this, and arming up accordingly.
Separately but relatedly there is the question of what kind of order the US can even deliver.

The US way of life was once the best. But globalization closed the gap. Others rose. And after years of political chaos, US soft power eroded. Others now think they have a better model.
Putting it together, the US is in decline. It lacks the will — and manufacturing base — to be the “arsenal of democracy”.

As it withdraws from physical intervention, some countries may grow aggressive. Others may arm up in response. Won’t be fun! But there is a *little* hope…
Many of the ideals the US once imperfectly defended with munitions — free speech, free trade, rule-of-law — we can now imperfectly defend with encryption.

It isn’t everything. And much depends on whether a free internet exists. But it’s a life raft.
bariweiss.substack.com/p/is-bitcoin-a… Image
The four camps are denial, reversal, acceleration and crypto-civilization.
Btw, for the sake of completeness there is a fifth possibility: the US has already transformed into a digital power that is now financially nuking Russia.

The physical in this view is actually just downstream, and we have been weighting it too heavily. We’ll see if this works.

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More from @balajis

Balaji Profile picture
Sep 8
Both America and China were invested in the illusion that China wasn't already the world's strongest economy.

Psychologically, it suited the incumbent to appear strong. So America downplayed China's numbers.

Strategically, it suited the disruptor to appear weak. So China also sandbagged its own numbers.

But the illusion is becoming harder to maintain.Image
In retrospect, all the China cope over the last decade or so was really just the stealth on the Chinese stealth bomber.

Hide your strength and bide your time was Deng's strategy. Amazingly, denying China's strength somehow also became America's strategy.

For example, all the cope on China's demographics somehow being uniquely bad...when they have 1.4B+ people that crush every international science competition with minimal drug addiction, crime, or fatherlessness...and when their demographic problems have obvious robotic solutions.

Or, for another example, how MAGA sought to mimic China's manufacturing buildout and industrial policy without deeply understanding China's strengths in this area, which is like competing with Google by setting up a website. Vague references to 1945 substituted for understanding the year 2025.

One consequence of the cope is that China knows far more about America's strengths than vice versa. Surprisingly few Americans interested in re-industrialization have ever set foot in Shenzhen. Those who have, like @Molson_Hart, understand what modern China actually is.

Anyway, what @DoggyDog1208 calls the "skull chart" is the same phenomenon @yishan and I commented on months ago. Once China truly enters a vertical, like electric cars or solar, their pace of ascent[1] is so rapid that incumbents often don't even have time to react.

Now apply this at country level. China has flipped America so quickly on so many axes[2], particularly military ones like hypersonics or military-adjacent ones like power, that it can no longer be contained.

A major contributing factor was the dollar illusion. All that money printing made America think it was richer than China. And China was happy to let America persist in the illusion. But an illusion it was. Yet another way in which Keynesianism becomes the epitaph of empire.

[1]: asiatimes.com/2025/07/thucyd…
[2]: x.com/balajis/status…Image
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Well, it's not the idea, it's the execution.

China can just sit back and let the world be its Xerox PARC. And then become a speedy second mover on anything that's working.

So you need innovations China genuinely can't copy.
One of them is Bitcoin.
Read 7 tweets
Balaji Profile picture
Sep 1
The dollar is losing reserve currency status. It’s down to 42% of global reserves, and gold is rapidly rising. Image
Digital gold is becoming the reserve currency of the individual.

Gold is returning as the reserve currency of the state.

Original post below.
Recall the Fed admitted that a “small number” of countries were switching to gold.

But that small number actually included Russia, India, and China: the RIC of BRICS.
Read 6 tweets
Balaji Profile picture
Aug 18
On many graphs of the physical world, China is in first place by a wide margin.

But if you look more closely, India is a distant but real runner up. Image
Image
The same pattern holds in nuclear.
China is #1 in reactors under construction.
But India is in second place. Image
Electricity generation is similar.

China’s recent increase is unparalleled in history. But India is increasing quickly, and will flip the EU soon. Image
Read 7 tweets
Balaji Profile picture
Aug 6
There are now two kinds of AI retards.

The first kind of retard uses AI everywhere, even where it shouldn’t be used.

The second kind of retard sees AI everywhere, even where it isn’t used.
Usually, it’s obvious what threads are and aren’t AI-written.

But some people can’t tell the difference between normal writing and AI writing. And because they can’t tell the difference, they’ll either overuse AI…or accuse others of using AI!

What we actually may need are built-in statistical AI detectors for every public text field. Paste in a URL into an archive.is-like interface and get back the probability that any div on the page is AI-generated.

In general my view is that AI text shouldn’t be used raw. It’s like a search engine result, it’s lorem ipsum. Useful for research but not final results. AI code is different, but even that requires review. AI visuals are different still, and you can sometimes use them directly.

We’re still developing these conventions, as the tech itself is of course a moving target. But it is interesting that even technologists (who see the huge time-savings that AI gives for, say, data analysis or vibe coding) are annoyed by AI slop. Imagine how much the people who don’t see the positive parts of AI may hate AI.

TLDR: slop is the new spam, and we’ll need new tools and conventions to defeat it.
I agree email spammers will keep adapting.

But I don’t know if a typical poster will keep morphing their content in such a way.
Read 5 tweets
Balaji Profile picture
Jul 25
JP Morgan is updating their p(doom), but for the dollar. Image
Just the fact that JPMC is now admitting this is a big step.

"De-dollarization has increasingly become a substantive topic of discussion among investors, corporates and market participants more broadly."

As the US deglobalizes, the globe dedollarizes.
jpmorgan.com/insights/globa…Image
Yes, but no manufacturing economy can be realistically stood up in time to replace the sheer consumption that money-printing enables.

Example: to make $1T, you can (a) print or (b) sell $1000 phones to 1B people. Obviously, the former is far easier.
Image
Read 4 tweets
Balaji Profile picture
Jun 4
AI PROMPTING → AI VERIFYING

AI prompting scales, because prompting is just typing.

But AI verifying doesn’t scale, because verifying AI output involves much more than just typing.

Sometimes you can verify by eye, which is why AI is great for frontend, images, and video. But for anything subtle, you need to read the code or text deeply — and that means knowing the topic well enough to correct the AI.

Researchers are well aware of this, which is why there’s so much work on evals and hallucination.

However, the concept of verification as the bottleneck for AI users is under-discussed. Yes, you can try formal verification, or critic models where one AI checks another, or other techniques. But to even be aware of the issue as a first class problem is half the battle.

For users: AI verifying is as important as AI prompting.
I love everything @karpathy has done to popularize vibe coding.

But then after you prototype with vibe coding, you need to get to production with right coding.

And that means AI verifying, not just AI prompting. That’s easy when output is visual, much harder when it’s textual.
@karpathy The question when using AI is: how can I inexpensively verify the output of this AI model is correct?

We take for granted the human eye, which is amazing at finding errors in images, videos, and user interfaces.

But we need other kinds of verifiers for other domains.
Read 4 tweets

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