I completed my doctoral thesis at Oxford last year on Russia's military interventions in Ukraine and Syria.
Based on that research, I am sharing some thoughts on why Russia invaded Ukraine and what Putin might do next /1
Russian military interventions are often explained by geopolitical opportunism or regime insecurity
It is intriguing that Russia would invade Ukraine when its great power status was rising and there was no immediate threat to Putin's regime /2
Geopolitical opportunism has been chronically overplayed. Russia's annexation of Crimea and Black Sea foothold was not rationally worth the cost of Western sanctions.
Even in Syria, Russia embarked on a potentially high-risk, uncertain reward mission that ended up succeeding /3
Regime insecurity has also been exaggerated as a driver of Russian aggression.
The 2011-12 protests might have influenced Russian alarmism about Euro-Maidan and the Arab Spring, but there was no serious threat of unrest diffusing from Kyiv and Cairo to Moscow /4
Putin has instead used military interventions as a tool of legacy-building and identity construction. He is focused on the long-term legitimacy of his regime and Russia's political system
Hence, he is willing to take excessive short-term risks and incur geopolitical costs /5
Putin's legacy hinges on satisfying domestic great power status aspirations
This means having a sphere of influence, effectively challenging the US-led legal order, and having a superpower-style global reach
The image of greatness matters even if Russia is actually isolated /6
Putin has also deftly framed his military interventions as a triumph against long-standing perceived internal threats
Fascism, uncontrolled unrest, Western expansionism, Islamic extremism- these narratives date back to Hungary 1956, and endured through the Soviet collapse /7
Putin has also effectively rationalized the costs of military interventions to the Russian people
Highlighting Russia's capacity for self-sacrifice as a contrast to perceived Western decadence is crucial. Hence the continuous World War II Great Patriotic War references /8
The war in Ukraine allows Putin to showcase Moscow's control over its sphere of influence, willingness to combat socially accepted threats and feeds into popular conceptions of "Russian strength"
It is an identity construction and authoritarian consolidation project /9
There are two differences between Russia's current and past actions:
The first is the extent of Russia's willingness to take risks in support of these goals
The second is Putin's reading of public opinion- he is appealing to a core base rather than the public writ large /10
Putin's conduct suggests that he will continue the war in Ukraine until he achieves a success that he frame as a legacy or identity construction win
Given his framing of the war, that likely means he will continue pursuing regime change, but not necessarily an occupation /11
Given this calculus, sanctions are unlikely to deter Putin, and diplomacy is unlikely to change his mind
Only an intra-elite schism, which poses an immediate threat to his regime, might cause him to recalibrate, and even then, most likely only temporarily /12
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Russia has likely captured the Donetsk battleground of Marinka
Some more details on what this means and what will happen next /1
Russian and Ukrainian reports on the Marinka situation vary
Shoigu told Putin Marinka had completely fallen, while Zaluzhny claims that Ukraine is still operating in the northern outskirts of Marinka and has a defensive line prepared /2
Satellite imagery appears to confirm the Russian narrative in large part for now (Russian forces are in northern Marinka)
But as the city of Marinka is effectively destroyed and depopulated, it is largely a moot point /3
Ilia Kyva served as a pro-Russian Ukrainian MP from 2019 to 2022 and fled to Russia after it invaded Ukraine
But his background was diametrically opposed to that of a Russian collaborator: he was an ally of Dmytro Yarosh and the Ukrainian far-right Right Sector movement /2
Kyva associated with far-right extremist Dmytro Korchynsky
Korchynsky interestingly gave a seminar to Russia's Nashi about stopping an Orange Revolution in Russia before turning against Yanukovych in 2013 and going into exile into Euro-Maidan was complete /3
Javier Milei's victory has created some uncertainties about Argentina's foreign policy direction
Some thoughts on where Milei's foreign policy might go /1
One key issue is obviously BRICS accession
Milei has signalled that Argentina will not join BRICS and this reflects a broader view from Argentina's opposition: former Security Minister Patricia Bullrich also opposed BRICS membership /2
Russia's reaction to Milei's election emphasised the need for multipolarity and BRICS accession
Milei's harsh stance on Russia will most likely manifest itself in solidarity with Ukraine, as seen by Zelensky's congratulations, and trade cuts rather than sanctions /3