Many medieval mercenaries were fiercely proud of their warrior skills and prowess, and would in some cases fight to the last man even in defeat. One of such were the elite Swabian mercenaries who fought for the Pope against Normans at Civitate in 1053. All 700 of them died!
How did the Pope hire them? Pope Leo IX traveled over the Alps to look for help from Holy Roman Emperor Henry III who did not give him any, but the papal chancellor Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, managed to gather a force of 700 local Swabian mercenaries armed with long swords!
Norman chornicler William of Apulia writes about this curious group of German mercenaries who arrived to fight the Normans. He described them as infantrymen who were not well versed with cavalry, but excelled with swords! He saw them as dangerous enemies on the battlefield!
He writes, "There were proud people of great courage, but not versed in horsemanship, who fought rather with the sword than with the lance. Since they could not control the movements of their horses with their hands they were unable to inflict serious injuries with the lance"!
However William of Apulia noted their skills with swords. "They excelled with the sword. These swords were very long and keen, and they were often capable of cutting someone vertically in two! They preferred to dismount and take guard on foot"
William of Apulia was aware of their reputation and noted that despite their lack of cavalry skills these were dangerous foes! "They chose rather to die than to turn tail. Such was their bravery that they were far more formidable like this than when riding on horseback"!
Before the battle the Swabian mercenaries even taunted the Normans! "The Germans, notable for their long hair, good looks and height, mocked the Normans, who seemed small [to them], and disdained [...] people whom they considered their inferiors both in numbers and strength."
The fighting with the Normans was very brutal and gruesome, as the Normans relied on their formidable cavalry that seemed invincible at the time while the Swabians put up a great fight on foot, killing many Normans and even cutting some enemies in half with their swords!
But the battle went bad for the Papal army as the local Italian troops he brought broke and fled, leaving the Swabian mercenaries surrounded. Attacked from all sides they fought to death rather than surrendering. "Of all these men not one survived," William of Apulia notes.
It seems that the Swabians were a fine race of mercenaries! Centuries later Swabia would also be famous for Landsknecht mercenaries as a large number of them came from these Swabian lands which provided quality mercenaries for entire renaissance Europe!
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It's wild how Denmark had colonies in India for more than 200 years from 1620 to 1869.
Fort Dansborg, built in 1620, still stands today in the Bay of Bengal.
They had forts, factories, trading posts. But they eventually sold their possessions to British Empire.
The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat so they let them carve out their own niche.
A map of Danish trade routes in the region.
The operation was initially conducted by Danish East India Company.
But the early years of the Danish adventure in India in 1620s were horrible. Almost two-thirds of all the trading vessels dispatched from Denmark were lost.
English explorer John Smith, famous for his involvement in establishing the Jamestown colony in America in 1607.
His coat of arms featured the heads of three Ottoman soldiers whom he beheaded in duels while serving as a mercenary in Transylvania during the Long Turkish War.
John Smith is known today for his role in managing the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, and his connection with a Powhatan woman called Pocahontas.
But John Smith was also a powerful warrior and mercenary prior to that.
Born in England, he set off to sea in 1596 at age 16 after his father died to become a mercenary, fighting for the French against the Spanish.
He was looking for what he called "brave adventures".
After a truce was made in 1598, he joined a French pirate crew in Mediterranean.
Many Irishmen served the Habsburgs over centuries and distinguished themselves.
Over 100 Irishmen were field marshals, generals, or admirals in the Austrian Army!
Some of the illustrious Irish warriors serving the Habsburg emperors. 🧵
In 1853 there was an assassination attempt on emperor Franz Joseph in Vienna by a Hungarian nationalist.
But the emperor's life was saved by Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell who cut the assassin down with a sabre.
O'Donnell was a descendant of Irish nobility!
Maximilian ancestors -the powerful O'Donnell clan- left Ireland during the Flight of the Earls in 1607, when Irish earls and their followers left Ireland in the aftermath of their defeat against the English Crown in the Nine Years' War in 1603.
Many inns appeared in medieval Europe, offering foods, drinks and a place to socialize, as well as lodging for travelers, helping transportation logistics.
In this thread I will present some of the old medieval inns that survived to this day, from various European countries!🧵
The George Inn. Norton St Philip in Somerset, England 🏴.
Built in 14th century and completed in 15th century, this is a proper medieval inn.
Being an innkeeper was a respected social position. In medieval England, innkeepers were generally wealthy and held influence in towns!
Stiftskeller St. Peter. St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg, Austria 🇦🇹.
Often mentioned as the oldest inn in Central Europe, for it was first mentioned in 803 in a letter to Charlemagne.
It operated as part of the monastery to give food to pilgrims. Now a prestigious restaurant.
This is the Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen made in 1937.
I was always fascinated with this car.
It's crazy how in 1938 this car recorded a speed of 432.7 km/h (268.9 mph). This remained the fastest ever officially timed speed on a public road until broken in 2017.
The record was set by German driver Rudolf Caracciola who drove this car on the Reichs-Autobahn A5 between Frankfurt and Darmstadt on 28 January 1938.
This reflected the obsession with breaking records and showcasing industrial prowess of nations at the time.
The onlookers who observed the spectacle of a car racing at astonishing 432.7 km/h past them also noted the brutal boom of the side spewing exhaust stacks as the silver car hurtled past.
It must have been an incredible spectacle to witness!