Many medieval mercenaries were fiercely proud of their warrior skills and prowess, and would in some cases fight to the last man even in defeat. One of such were the elite Swabian mercenaries who fought for the Pope against Normans at Civitate in 1053. All 700 of them died!
How did the Pope hire them? Pope Leo IX traveled over the Alps to look for help from Holy Roman Emperor Henry III who did not give him any, but the papal chancellor Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, managed to gather a force of 700 local Swabian mercenaries armed with long swords!
Norman chornicler William of Apulia writes about this curious group of German mercenaries who arrived to fight the Normans. He described them as infantrymen who were not well versed with cavalry, but excelled with swords! He saw them as dangerous enemies on the battlefield!
He writes, "There were proud people of great courage, but not versed in horsemanship, who fought rather with the sword than with the lance. Since they could not control the movements of their horses with their hands they were unable to inflict serious injuries with the lance"!
However William of Apulia noted their skills with swords. "They excelled with the sword. These swords were very long and keen, and they were often capable of cutting someone vertically in two! They preferred to dismount and take guard on foot"
William of Apulia was aware of their reputation and noted that despite their lack of cavalry skills these were dangerous foes! "They chose rather to die than to turn tail. Such was their bravery that they were far more formidable like this than when riding on horseback"!
Before the battle the Swabian mercenaries even taunted the Normans! "The Germans, notable for their long hair, good looks and height, mocked the Normans, who seemed small [to them], and disdained [...] people whom they considered their inferiors both in numbers and strength."
The fighting with the Normans was very brutal and gruesome, as the Normans relied on their formidable cavalry that seemed invincible at the time while the Swabians put up a great fight on foot, killing many Normans and even cutting some enemies in half with their swords!
But the battle went bad for the Papal army as the local Italian troops he brought broke and fled, leaving the Swabian mercenaries surrounded. Attacked from all sides they fought to death rather than surrendering. "Of all these men not one survived," William of Apulia notes.
It seems that the Swabians were a fine race of mercenaries! Centuries later Swabia would also be famous for Landsknecht mercenaries as a large number of them came from these Swabian lands which provided quality mercenaries for entire renaissance Europe!
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This is the Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen made in 1937.
I was always fascinated with this car.
It's crazy how in 1938 this car recorded a speed of 432.7 km/h (268.9 mph). This remained the fastest ever officially timed speed on a public road until broken in 2017.
The record was set by German driver Rudolf Caracciola who drove this car on the Reichs-Autobahn A5 between Frankfurt and Darmstadt on 28 January 1938.
This reflected the obsession with breaking records and showcasing industrial prowess of nations at the time.
The onlookers who observed the spectacle of a car racing at astonishing 432.7 km/h past them also noted the brutal boom of the side spewing exhaust stacks as the silver car hurtled past.
It must have been an incredible spectacle to witness!
Hussite war wagons proved so effective that within 100 years this tactic spread from Bohemia all the way to India!
In 1526 Mughal Emperor Babur employed war wagons to win the First Battle of Panipat.
A short thread on how this style of warfare spread over the world. 🧵
The tactic of "wagenburg" (wagon fort) was adopted in the Hussite Wars (1419-1434) by the Hussites, a religious movement which fought armies of crusader knights from all over Europe.
The use of such war wagons enabled them to withstand the cavalry charges of armored knights.
The purpose of these war wagons was not just to present an obstacle for the cavalry but also to give handgunners protection to fire their weapons at the enemy.
The main weakness of handguns at the time was the long reloading time, during which handgunners were vulnerable.
There was a scene in the movie Lord of the Rings where they light signal fires to warn of an attack.
But this is how the defense system of Habsburg lands actually worked against the Ottoman threat!
A network of bonfires was in place to warn people of incoming Ottoman raids. 🧵
In the Lord of the Rings these are called the Beacon-hills of Gondor.
They are permanently manned stations across the hills where great fireplaces are kept in the state of readiness.
In this manner, people all over the kingdom can be informed of an attack quickly.
People might think this is something that belongs to the fictional world, but in 15-16th centuries the Habsburgs actually established a similar system like this.
The mountainous regions of Carniola and Styria offered many good strategic positions!
In 1927 Benito Mussolini ordered to drain the Lake Nemi south of Rome to recover the wrecks of the Nemi ships, two large pleasure barges built under the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula.
Unfortunately the remains of the ships were destroyed by fire in 1944 during WWII.
It is speculated that Nemi ships were elaborate floating palaces, with mosaic floors, heating and plumbing, baths, galleries and saloons, as well as a large variety of vines and fruit trees, similar to other Caligula's galleys described by Suetonius!
Lake Nemi is a volcanic lake which was popular by wealthy Romans due to clean air and uncontaminated water and cooler temperatures during the hot summer months.