Many medieval mercenaries were fiercely proud of their warrior skills and prowess, and would in some cases fight to the last man even in defeat. One of such were the elite Swabian mercenaries who fought for the Pope against Normans at Civitate in 1053. All 700 of them died!
How did the Pope hire them? Pope Leo IX traveled over the Alps to look for help from Holy Roman Emperor Henry III who did not give him any, but the papal chancellor Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, managed to gather a force of 700 local Swabian mercenaries armed with long swords!
Norman chornicler William of Apulia writes about this curious group of German mercenaries who arrived to fight the Normans. He described them as infantrymen who were not well versed with cavalry, but excelled with swords! He saw them as dangerous enemies on the battlefield!
He writes, "There were proud people of great courage, but not versed in horsemanship, who fought rather with the sword than with the lance. Since they could not control the movements of their horses with their hands they were unable to inflict serious injuries with the lance"!
However William of Apulia noted their skills with swords. "They excelled with the sword. These swords were very long and keen, and they were often capable of cutting someone vertically in two! They preferred to dismount and take guard on foot"
William of Apulia was aware of their reputation and noted that despite their lack of cavalry skills these were dangerous foes! "They chose rather to die than to turn tail. Such was their bravery that they were far more formidable like this than when riding on horseback"!
Before the battle the Swabian mercenaries even taunted the Normans! "The Germans, notable for their long hair, good looks and height, mocked the Normans, who seemed small [to them], and disdained [...] people whom they considered their inferiors both in numbers and strength."
The fighting with the Normans was very brutal and gruesome, as the Normans relied on their formidable cavalry that seemed invincible at the time while the Swabians put up a great fight on foot, killing many Normans and even cutting some enemies in half with their swords!
But the battle went bad for the Papal army as the local Italian troops he brought broke and fled, leaving the Swabian mercenaries surrounded. Attacked from all sides they fought to death rather than surrendering. "Of all these men not one survived," William of Apulia notes.
It seems that the Swabians were a fine race of mercenaries! Centuries later Swabia would also be famous for Landsknecht mercenaries as a large number of them came from these Swabian lands which provided quality mercenaries for entire renaissance Europe!
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The conquest of Belgrade in 1717 was one of the biggest achievements of the Habsburgs in their long wars against Ottomans. But most of all it was a glorious victory of the legendary commander Eugene of Savoy who demonstrated his unyielding "conquer or die" mentality. (Thread)
The Habsburg Empire had already achieved significant victories against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War of 1683-1699. The war started with the famous Siege of Vienna which the Habsburgs defended then through a series of victories pushed the Ottomans out of Hungary.
This war also marked the astonishing rise of Eugene of Savoy who arrived to fight at Vienna as a teenager. He started as a regular cavalryman in a dragoon regiment and by the end of the war he commanded the Habsburg Imperial army to win the crucial victory at Zenta in 1697.
Machiavelli is definitely an interesting character, but his opinions are accepted too uncritically in the modern age and he is in this regard somewhat overrated.
Machiavelli was definitely completely wrong with his negative opinions about the mercenaries and I'll explain why.
Machiavelli hated the mercenaries and wanted to recruit some sort of citizen army for which he gave historic examples of Rome and Sparta, claiming that such army would be more loyal and just overall superior to mercenary armies of the time.
In his opinion mercenaries were not just disloyal but he even described them as cowardly, undisciplined, useless.
He was wrong on that alone as anyone who studied the legendary medieval mercenaries like Varangians or the Swiss can confirm.
Today 4 March is the anniversary of the Battle of the Sit River where the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan defeated the Rus under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal in 1238 during Mongol invasion of Rus! Yuri II died a heroic death on the battlefield facing the much larger enemy!
A year prior to that in November of 1237, the Grand Prince Yuri II treated the Mongol envoys who demanded his submission with disdain! Friar Julian of Hungary who wrote about this praised Yuri for that, writing down that "Glorious war is better than disgraceful peace"!
Friar Julian described the Mongol messengers as "evil bloodsuckers" and writes how a peace with them would be no good because "these godless men with their deceitful peace will cause great dismay to our lands, as they have already done much evil here"!
Women taking up arms to help defend their cities is nothing new in European history. During medieval and early modern sieges there were many recorded cases of women helping the defenders in combat. Some even became legendary folk heroines.
Here are some examples I encountered.
Women were actually behind one of the most spectacular medieval kills during the Siege of Toulouse in 1218 when the commander of the besiegers Simon de Montfort had his head blasted off by a stone shot from a mangonel operated by the "ladies and girls and women" of Toulouse.
Much of medieval warfare revolved around sieges. Many sieges were long, exhausting and brutal. Often no mercy would be shown to the defeated defenders and many cities were violently plundered and massacred. This often brought true fighting spirit out of people, including women.
The Hessians! The largest contingent of the German mercenaries who fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War! Long vilified by the Americans, the Hessians were highly disciplined and skilled elite troops. How did such a small German state provide so many soldiers?
The Hessians came from the small Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire, a small Calvinist state that has suffered heavily in Thirty Years' War where it had fought on the Protestant side. War and extreme militarism would mark the Hessians since then.
During the 18th century it was common for many smaller German states to send their soldiers to foreign powers for money. This was a profitable source of income and as a result many of these states were highly militarized. Hesse-Kassel was the most militarized of them all!
Today 12 February is anniversary of the Battle of the Herrings during the Hundred Years' War in 1429. The French attacked the English supply convoy of around 300 wagons which carried weapons and food, including barrels of herring (type of fish)! The English beat the attackers!
The English had been besieging the city of Orléans and a supply convoy was headed from Paris led by Sir John Fastolf. He commanded a force of around 1000 archers and some light cavalry that escorted around 300 carts and wagons carried to the besiegers at Orléans!
Sir John Fastolf was a brave man and a very capable commander. An experienced veteran who was also a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter! He was entrusted to bring safely to Orléans the convoy which also carried salted fish, "herring and Lenten stuff"!