Got questions about why I think it is genocide. Until this morning I resisted applying the term. War crimes? Sure. Heinous rhetoric? You bet. What changed is the combination of more and more evidence, from different places, and even more importantly, explicit official rhetoric /1
The official legal definition of genocide is "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such". When I teach genocide I start by saying that this definition has huge problems because it doesn't give us /2
clear thresholds (what "in part" does even mean?) and because it is almost impossible to prove intent. People who carry out genocide are usually not idiots, if there are orders at all they would be given orally.
But, several things are important to realize. First, something /3
that doesn't start as genocide might evolve into one when conditions change. Russian invasion, in my view, did not start with clear genocidal intent, but evolved into one. Regime change and colonial subjugation are by themselves not enough to constitute genocide. Second, more /4
evidence that Bucha is not an exception. Each massacre might be local initiative, together they are a campaign. And most importantly, the RIA Novosti (a state outlet) piece is one of the most explicit statements of intent to destroy a national group as such that I've ever seen /5
I know Russian. I have read a lot of Russian nationalist rhetoric in my life. This is not some wild intellectual fantasy, it is a clear, actionable statement of intent by a state agency. The UN definition is problematic, but in this case it fits like a glove
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Today Ukraine celebrates its Unity Day. On this day in 1919 Ukraine People's Republic (UNR) proclaimed unification with the West Ukraine People's Republic (ZUNR), originally roughly the area of Austro-Hungarian Eastern Galicia. Both states failed and the ZUNR especially is barely
known to anyone but a handful of historians. Yet it was a bold even if short-lived political experiment, especially when it came to Ukrainian-Jewish relations. Western Ukraine is known as the land of Bandera, extreme nationalism, anti-Semitic violence etc. RU propaganda goes to
overdrive to reinforce this image. Well, it was very different after WWI. ZUNR recognized not only the individual political rights of Jews as equal citizens, which was the standard in post-WWI new states, but also their collective national and cultural rights. It had a Ministry
Earlier this week a journalist asked me how this might end now, with the partial mobilization and referendums. I said that I don't see a realistic endgame scenario. Then I spent several days thinking about it. I still don't see it, at least not anytime soon. So, some thoughts 1/
1. Ukraine has the will, the resources and the capacity to fight. Even if Russia mobilizes every bear in Siberia and reindeer in Yakutia, Ukraine will keep fighting. Even if Russia uses nuclear weapons, Ukraine will keep fighting. I think this should clear to everyone by now 2/
2. Russia has the will and the resources to fight, there are still unmobilized bears in Siberia, reindeer in Yakutia and people willing to go fight in the provinces. Human life is cheap in Russia, especially outside Moscow 3/
This is interesting. Assuming that this NRA even exists and it is not a FSB outfit, there are very good reasons to be either very skeptical or very excited. I researched the emergence of resistance groups in highly opressive environments. My own work on Jewish resistance in the
ghettos but I have also read about many, many other cases. The truth is that the vast majority of nascent resistance or insurgent groups are nipped in the bud before they manage to do anything. If some get lucky and do something notable, they tend to be destroyed immediately
after. Why? Because many people: students, idealists, political opponents, outright nutjobs want to resist oppressive governments. By only a handful know how. There is a very specific “resister toolkit” that people need to survive and operate underground. Opsec is the key but
I had good reasons to hate Russian security services before. Now I am just exploding. I feel angry, I feel stupid, I feel naive, I feel tired. I got played. I had him in class. Twice, in fact. One class was half-Zoom during COVID, several interactions outside classroom
He had a weird accent I couldn’t identify, not a Russian one. Nothing Russian I could notice and I am a native speaker. Presented himself as Brazilian, Irish roots so weird accent made sense. Unlike this crazy cover letter, he was very smart and competent in class. He didn’t take
My class on violence in Russia, guess he already knew everything that was allowed and maybe not allowed to learn what is real. Took my class on genocide, apparently here the GRU still had a lot to learn. We haven’t discussed Russia even once. After the graduation he asked for
As expected, my claim that we see a genocide in Ukraine is being contested by several other scholars. That’s normal, that is what scholars do. What is more important is that even those who disagree with me (at least those views that I saw) and think that my genocide claim goes /1
too far, especially given the limited data we have, still believe that at the very least we are talking about atrocity crimes. Put simply, the argument is not about whether Russia does truly horrible things to Ukraine and Ukrainians but which term describes the horror better /2
I concede the point, we still don’t have that much data. But for me, having years and years of training and experience studying these things also means the ability and the duty to make judgement under uncertainty and with incomplete data. That’s what I did. And once I /3
Germany is hugely important to stopping this madness, but that doesn't mean that other countries should be left off the hook. It pains me, but one such country is my own, Israel. First, IL government had to be dragged kicking /1 axios.com/russia-ukraine…
And screaming to even condemn the invasion. Then the official tune shifted to "our hearts are with the people of Ukraine but we need to be careful because Russia owns Syria". And whenever there is even a hint of security concerns you can count on Israel not do the right thing /2
Or do it when there is no other choice left. There are people on the streets in Tel Aviv right now, my friends are there protesting with thousands of others but they will be ignored. The quality of the media coverage and the public debate is shallow and is stuck at the level /3