The QUERY function in #GoogleSheets is pretty much the most powerful function in the spreadsheet world.
It operates on your data and has the functionality of many other functions, like sorting, aggregation, filtering, etc.
It's like a pivot table in function form.
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It's a tricky function to learn because it's so different from regular functions. You use query language to write a statement that operates on your data.
Here's an example:
=QUERY(A1:E100,"select B, D, E where D = 'Europe'",1)
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The function operates on data in the range A1:E100.
It returns only columns B, D and, E from that data in columns A to E, and applies a filter so that only rows where column D is equal to "Europe" are in the results.
The OFFSET function is not a function you need particularly often, but it's worth knowing about because it allows you to move ranges around very easily.
The OFFSET function returns a reference to a range that is offset from a starting point in a worksheet.
For example, in the table shown in this image, imagine you want to align these columns at the top of the column.
The OFFSET function can do this with a single formula for each column, which is quicker and easier than copy-pasting or creating complex nested formulas.