In case you need more #CosmologyFunFacts to break your brain, did you know that there are distant galaxies that are currently receding from us faster than the speed of light (due to cosmic expansion), and ALWAYS HAVE BEEN, and yet we have pictures of them? 🙃
I talked about this in the final lecture of my general relativity class and the students looked at me like 🤨 but I swear it’s true if you work through the math. The key is that while the GALAXIES are always receding faster than light, the LIGHT can (eventually) move toward us.
Anyway the photons from some of the distant galaxies that @NASAWebb is going to see were actually moving directly AWAY from us for about six and a half billion years before they started to move toward us, because of how the expansion rate of the universe has been changing.
Q: I thought nothing could travel faster than light?
A: Nothing can travel THROUGH SPACE faster than the speed of light but things can get farther away from us faster than the speed of light if the space between us and them gets larger very quickly, because of cosmic expansion.
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Today in my general relativity class I got to talk about my favorite SUPER WEIRD COSMOLOGY FACT which is that if you have galaxies of the same size at different distances, beyond a certain distance, the farther away the galaxy is the BIGGER it appears in the sky (!!!)
If you want to dig into the math, you can look up "angular diameter distance", which is essentially a measure of how far away something appears to be based on how big it looks, and you'll find that ang. diam. distance only increases to a certain point, and then it goes down again
The intuitive reason that the most distant things look weirdly large is that the light we're seeing from them is from so long ago that the universe was MUCH smaller back then, so they were actually MUCH CLOSER and therefore covered more of the sky than you'd expect.
Commercial airplanes are reasonably safe, ventilation-wise, *when in flight*, due to high-quality filtration.
But during boarding, taxi, & after landing, the air isn’t flowing, & for up to an hour you’re sitting in a stagnant tube, breathing concentrated exhaled air. Masks help.
How bad is the ventilation when the plane is on the ground? I carry a CO2 meter on flights to check air exchange, and I had to turn off the unhealthily-high-CO2 alarm entirely because I kept setting higher thresholds when it went off and eventually I gave up.
(The CO2 levels aren’t actually dangerous for you for the time you’re in the plane, but when they’re high they indicate not much outside air is coming in, and when not much air is flowing, it’s not being filtered so much either.)
Pretty sure I have never in my professional life used more than the six digits of pi that I have memorized: 3.14159.
In cosmology, we’re usually calculating stuff to within an order of magnitude; if we can get percent-level precision we’re THRILLED, but most of the time that precision is hiding a systematic error somewhere anyway.
Meanwhile, some heated Twitter exchanges between retired US astronaut @StationCDRKelly and the current administrator of the Russian space agency Roscosmos
Every time I talk about #DarkMatter or #DarkEnergy several people jump in to say “ehhh sounds like a fudge factor/epicycles/aether!” And I get why — we’re talking about stuff we can’t directly see, it’s weird! — but, very sincerely, we did consider that. xkcd.com/1758/
There is a very small, very vocal group of astrophysicists who constantly work on alternative models in an attempt to do away with dark matter and/or dark energy. They write a lot of papers & get a LOT of press. But, they have yet to produce a model that compels the rest of us.
It’s not that we wouldn’t LOVE to have some explanation of these phenomena that does not include a component of the universe that refuses to interact with our detectors. We like catching stuff in detectors! We like being able to see stuff! But sometimes the cosmos doesn’t care.
Having now handwritten half a semester’s worth of general relativity lecture notes, I have determined the following ranking of the most common Greek subscript/superscript indices in order of ease of tiny-writing and overall aesthetic value
IMPORTANT CORRECTION: previous version somehow tragically left out high-cuteness-value lambda. See below for definitive list.
Okay this is preliminary but I believe it is correct to first order.