For all those who still believe herd immunity as a concept applies to SARS-CoV-2: It doesn't. We'll be infected again and again, and the data now tell us that the risk of serious long-term effects increases with each infection. Govts need to re-think & find a new & better plan 1/
"the risks were evident in those who were unvaccinated, had 1 shot, or 2 or more shots prior to the second infection"
This figure shows clearly that we cannot rely on vaccines to protect us from serious sequelae from COVID. 2/
This is a massive study with a cohort of people with first infection (n = 257,427), reinfection (2 or more infections, n = 38,926), and a non-infected control group (n = 5,396,855) to estimate risks and 6-month burdens of all-cause mortality, hospitalization, and organ sequelae3/
Thanks & congrats to @zalaly et al for another important contribution to the field. They state:
"Reducing overall burden of death and disease due to SARS-CoV-2 will require strategies for reinfection prevention."
‼️Read this⬇️
One of the most important🧵through this pandemic.
Try to read all of it. Try to understand. Share it. Make sure those in positions sees it.
The concept of herd immunity to this evolving virus seems completely out of reach.
Og det er helt galt som myndighetene sier at de nye variantene ikke ser ut å gi mer alvorlig sykdom: BA.4 og BA.5 går lenger ned i lungevevet. biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
So it's clear:
SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes, preferably activated CD4+ cells in vitro, independently of the ACE2 receptor and induces pronounced programmed cell death potentially contributing to the lymphopenia seen in ~80% of hospitalized C19 patients nature.com/articles/s4139…
Among those tested in this study, after SARS-CoV-2 infection "CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes almost declined to zero in some patients", while B and NK cells were unaffected. Technically: Both Jurkat and M4 cell lines were infected in vitro.
Several recent studies have found SARS-CoV-2 infects several immune cell populations: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, plasma B cells, T cells, and NK cells. Here, monocytes were infected independently of ACE2, leading to massive cell death: nature.com/articles/s4158…
Important study out in Nature: From this, the mRNA vaccines seem far superior to infection in subsequent protection. IMO, this explains what has been seen on the ground.
See the striking difference. You want to be at zero here. 1/ @Folkehelseinst@jonasgahrstore@ingvildkjerkol
@Folkehelseinst@jonasgahrstore@ingvildkjerkol Link⬆️
"the samples from mRNA vaccinated individuals had a median of 17 times higher RBD antibody levels and a similar degree of increased neutralization activities against RBD-ACE2 binding than those from natural infections." nature.com/articles/s4159…
@Folkehelseinst@jonasgahrstore@ingvildkjerkol This adds to other research showing that you are not well protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection after having had Covid-19. You still need to be vaccinated in order to be protected from further infections. Norwegian guidelines do not reflect this well ATM, esp. for children.
Major work on orphanhood as result of the pandemic by joint forces from Imperial College, U of Oxford, @WHO, CDC, U of Cape Town & others: cdc.gov/coronavirus/20…
Here, they used mortality + fertility data to model min. estimates & rates of COVID19-associated deaths of primary or sec. caregivers for children<18 years in 21 countries.
Globally, up to Apr 21, est. 1134 000 kids experienced death of primary caregivers thelancet.com/journals/lance…
@zweinebelkerzen@F_Lund_Johansen Covid actually has few similarities to flu aside from transmission via air. Covid is a systemic disease that damages blood vessels and organs around the body, including lungs and brain, and often leads to the creation of autoantibodies; immunological changes may be long lasting1/
@zweinebelkerzen@F_Lund_Johansen Infection from earlier variants gives immunity lasting 5-12(-17) months on average from studies. Omicron gives less severe acute disease than delta on average, it is still not clear if it actually is milder than other variants as so many at risk are now vaccinated. 2/
@zweinebelkerzen@F_Lund_Johansen No one knows yet if it is milder in the long term since it is so new. As of today, the correlation between the severity of infection and the risk of long Covid is not fully elucidated as this seems to be a term covering a plethora of different systemic and organic reactions 3/