In 1930, when the Mir of Hunza's representatives were in Kashgar to pay the annual tribute, the chief official in that town, the Tao-yin Ma Shao-wu, declared that the Mir had no rights whatsoever either in Raskam or in the Taghdumbash Pamir. 1/n
He announced that the Chinese would now tax the Mil's flocks if they were gazed north of the main watershed, and, further,
2/n
he told the Mir's representatives that the Hunza men could only continue to cultivate their plots in Raskam if they accepted the fact that they were Chinese citizens.
3/n
The Chinese subsequently emphasised this point by detaining two Hunza men who were travelling to Kashgar with British Indian passports,
4/n
and only letting them go on their way after they had exchanged these documents for Chinese passports & paid a fee for the issue of the new papers.
5/5
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Health is viewed in #Islam in a holistic way with the consequence that Islamic medicine too is holistic in nature. One of the name of the Quran is al-shifa, meaning "that which heals" or "the restorer of health." 1/n
The arrest of Kalbhushan Jhadav in Balochistan and his confession left no doubt about Indian support to insurgency in Balochistan and sponsoring of acts of terrorism within Pakistan. 1/n
The renewed spate of acts of terrorism in Balochistan and KPK also testify to Indian involvement. The modus operandi of RAW for sabotaging CPEC seems to exacerbate the security situation in Pakistan through acts of terrorism,
2/n
and consequently cause the creation of an ambience of despondency among the masses, as well as creating an ambience of mistrust between China and Pakistan, but there it's efforts have hit a wall. Undermining CPEC is also part of the US-India nexus designed to contain China.
3/n
Hybrid war "Challenges & Response"
Military Balance (2015) defines hybrid war as "the use of military and non-military tools in an integrated campaign, 1/n
designed to achieve surprise, seize the initiative and gain psychological as well as physical advantages utilizing dip-lomatic means; sophisticated and rapid information, electronic and cyber operations;
2/n
covert and occasionally overt military and intelligence action & economic pressure". The hybrid operations have become more lethal and pervasive due to advancement in technologies such as the internet and social media.
3/n
Much of the literature on 1971 War is preoccupied with the conflict between India & Pakistan, with the Cold War as backdrop, marginalizing the people of the land where it was fought. Indian accounts are predictably triumphal with regard to victory over Pakistan, 1/n
with the memoirs of a few officers peppered with self-promotion and derogation of others. Most of the key players did not publish memoirs. Pakistani discussion on 1971 are full of butter recriminations, mostly with regard to losing to India, 2/n
with deafening silence from the majority of those who had served in East Pakistan. The Bangladeshi refrain, by contrast, plays volubly and melodramatically on the theme of Pakistani 'villains' and Bengali 'victims' 3/n