👹What makes a horror villain psychologically appealing?👹
There are an almost endless number of ways that a horror monster can be built, yet most of them share some common features.
So, what are some of the shared features of a successful horror villain?
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Let's start with the weapon.
The weapon of choice for horror villains varies quite a lot, but they all share one common feature: Sharp edges.
Machetes, knives, razor gloves, chainsaws, hatchets, big teeth, large claws.
Sharp weapons are the go-to for horror. But why?
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What do nearly all predators have in common?
Sharp teeth and/or sharp claws.
The sharp blade-like appendage is a near-universal feature of predators. Attending to and fearing it is a phylogenetically old imperative.
Wes Craven understood this when creating Freddy.
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Our primate ancestors were on the dinner menu for large carnivores for millions of years. As a result, we're prepared to fear the features shared by predators.
A loud, 15lb chainsaw that needs gasoline isn't an efficient killing tool.
But it's great for inducing fear.
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Because horror villains use bladed weapons, they need to be close to you in order to harm you. This results in a lot of chasing.
But, like the inefficiency of bladed weapons, chasing is a feature of the horror villain, not a bug.
Predators often need to chase their prey.
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If they aren't chasing their prey, predators are usually stalking their prey.
Stalking is probably the most common feature of the horror villain. This is part of what makes Michael Myers so iconic. Determination, a simple knife, and lots of stalking.
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Predators are often larger than their prey. In the animal kingdom, body mass rules the outcome of most competitions.
It's no coincidence that Leatherface, Michael Myers, Jason, The Creeper, and many others are all big guys. Larger men are perceived to be more formidable.
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Most horror villains either have a mask or a strange face.
The mask conceals facial expression and identity, which makes it difficult to mind-read and signals the intention to deceive.
Disfigured faces often elicit disgust, which can amplify fear.
Both are effective.
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Some horror villains have unique traits that make them particularly potent. For example, Freddy like to laugh at his victims' misfortune. This signals evil intent (see work by @JensKC on evil laughter).
Zombies combine infection with predator traits for a nasty combo.
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So to recap here, the template for horror villains involves mimicking universal features of predators and signaling malice or deception.
Most have (1) sharp weapons (2) engage in chasing or stalking (3) are large-bodied, and (4) signal malice or intention to deceive
Freddy loves kids, has a great sense of fashion and is, in some ways, the man of your dreams. However, I think we can all agree that he might not fare too well on Tinder.
Rather than masking his face, Freddy proudly shows it.
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When you first saw these photos, you probably had a similar reaction as when you saw Freddy’s face. You likely experienced a feeling of disgust.
This response is part of the behavioral immune system — it helps us avoid infections.
The rise of slashers led to moral panic from the public & critics in the 80's. Gene Siskel encouraged readers to mail complaints to Paramount's chairman, & The UK banned what they called "video nasties," leading the Scotland Yard to raid VHS stores. imdb.com/list/ls0513642…
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There's some evidence that horror fans are lower in empathy, but this literature is small, mostly from the 80s, and suffers from some methodological and conceptual flaws. I addressed these issues in a previous thread.
Horror is a controversial genre, and horror fans are a commonly misunderstood group of people.
Here are 3 of the most common misconceptions about horror fans and why they are wrong.
1. Thrill-seekers 2. Anxiety 3. Empathy
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⚠️Misconception #1⚠️
Aren't horror fans just thrill-seekers?
This idea comes from work in the 1980s on sensation-seeking. Sensation-seeking is a trait that promotes the seeking of varied, novel, complex & intense sensations & experiences.
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There's some evidence that sensation-seeking is correlated with horror fandom, but it's not consistent.
Sometimes sensation-seeking predicts attendance, and sometimes enjoyment. Sometimes its only true for men or for a specific type of sensation-seeking.
Why are we fascinated with serial killers and evil men?
I gave a Science on Screen talk last week about our fascination with evil men, using Patrick Bateman from AMERICAN PSYCHO as an example. Here's a thread with the main points & some of my slides
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Humans are fascinated with morbid situations, and this shows up across entertainment. Take horror, for example
1. It's the most profitable film genre
2. 2 of the 5 most widely listened to podcasts tell stories about evil men
3. horror novelists sell billions of books
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Our fascination with evil men is part of this broader "morbid curiosity" that humans have. My research finds that people tend to be morbidly curious about 4 topics (broadly speaking):
1. Supernatural Danger 2. Body Violations 3. Violence 4. Minds of Dangerous People
Here's a short thread of really fun infographics about horror movies, many of which I found on @DataIsBeautiful. We've got everything from demographics to jump scares to Bechdel Test scores.
A few of these may surprise you!
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Let's start with popularity. The past 2 years have seen horror devour its largest share of the Box Office in history.
People flocked to horror during the pandemic. However, the popularity of horror (and thrillers!) has been on a steady upward trend for decades.
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Horror is the genre most likely to turn a profit. A spooky story doesn't require a big budget to be a hit. @jason_blum built a genre empire on this.
The first @blumhouse film, Paranormal Activity, is the most profitable film ever. Shot for $15k, It grossed nearly $200M.