No on-street parking makes all the difference in the cities of #Japan. The 1962 "proof-of-parking" law means you buy a car, you've got to show you've got a place—off public streets—to warehouse it.
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In the three #Tokyo neighborhoods I spent time in over a decade, the streets were refreshingly free of on-street parked cars—certainly compared to North America.
The parking laws lead to some interesting arrangements; cars squeezed into tiny garages (how do you open the door to get out?); car elevators; multi-storey lots where cars are stacked like battery hens.
Of course, many people find ways around the law! Light "kei" cars, which can actually be pretty big, can be sold w/out the proof-of-parking permit. (Technically, they still can't be parked on-street.) Others may have come to "arrangements" with local authorities.
Automobiles are popular in #Japan, but what you see most often is service vehicles, taxis. Cars tend to be used for leisure more often than commuting. Why drive when you've got a rail transit network like this?
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This is a map of western part of the network of just one Canadian passenger railway in 1955.
You could really go a lot of places by train then.
And fast: 71 hours, 10 minutes from #Montreal to #Vancouver. (It's 94 hours, if you're lucky, from Toronto to Vancouver today.)
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There were two express trains across the country that year: The Canadian (CP) and the Super Continental, run by Canadian National Railways, the "People's Road."
Your freedom of movement was impressive, especially if you lived in eastern Canada. From Montreal, you could go to Chicago via Detroit; you could ride from Quebec City to Boston; Atlantic Canada was served by a very dense network of tracks.
Great-grandfather: allowed to walk 6 miles on his own Grandfather: could walk 1 mile
Mother: could walk a half mile
Son: could walk 300 yards (to end of street).
What happened? *Cars* happened.
A flood of traffic shrunk the geography of play and free-roaming.
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(Thanks to Shrinking geography of childhood in UK, thnx to @timrgill and @drwilliambird for the research and graphics.)
What's the solution? One way forward—play streets.
The UK once had 700 of them; closed to traffic, but open to kids.
@timrgill @drwilliambird A century ago, Play Streets were common in NYC, closed to cars by order of the police.
This #Paris métro station is a steampunk masterpiece.
Designed by Belgian comics artist François Schuiten, to call to mind one of Jules Verne's submarines or airships.
Where else can you find secrets of the métro?
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Look out for the original édicules, designed by Art Nouveau master Guimard
This one's at Abbesses métro station, deepest in the city, in Montmartre.
Pro tip: contrôleurs like to trap people at the bottom or the top of the spiral staircase, so make sure you've paid your fare!
Watch out for "stations fantômes," now closed, but which you can see flashing past on some lines. I got to visit St. Martin, which still has beautiful tile ads from the 1950s.
That sums up complex research that showed how social interactions diminished on streets with more automobile traffic. (Appleyard focused on 3 residential streets in San Francisco in the 1960s)
One year after his research on how cars erode real-life urban social networks, Donald Appleyard was killed by the driver of a car in #Athens. He was 54.
In the 1660s, this French philosopher came up with an invention that solved the problem of urban transport forever.
It had nothing to do with Robo-taxis, flying cars, or Tesla Tunnels.
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His name was Blaise Pascal (he of the famous Wager). After inventing one of the first mechanical calculators, the Pascaline (below), he turned his mind to the problem of traveling around #Paris ...
Paris was then the most populous city in Europe, and the most densely settled. The wealthy got around in private carriages, drawn by horses, which they paid vast sums to maintain. The poor walked—but nobody got around very fast. Pascal conceived a system...