Why are 50M Pakistanis suffering historic floods while China suffers a historic drought?
Because of humans and tectonic plates:
When the minister says a third of the country is submerged, it's literal.
1. The human factor is clear: global warming causes higher average temperatures
And this summer the entire Northern Hemisphere is going through one massive heatwave
Why is a small increase of 1.2°C in global temperatures causing so many dramatic heatwaves? Because a small shift in the average can cause a huge shift in extreme events.
But why does it translate into a drought in China but a flood in Pakistan?
2. Tectonic plates.
The Indian Subcontinent Plate hits the Eurasian Plate, with the Indian Ocean just below.
This causes 2 things:
a. India's region is the only one in the world with a big ocean in the south and a big continental mass in the north.
In summer, when it's hot, water evaporates and loads the sea air with humidity.
Meanwhile, the land air gets hotter faster (no evaporation to cool it). Hot air dilates, goes up, and sucks in the humid air from the sea.
This is the monsoon.
This happens at continental magnitudes in Eurasia
In summer, it goes from the southwest of the Indian Subcontinent to the northeast.
It hits Pakistan in August.
A historic heatwave causes a historic monsoon.
But the tectonic plates hit each other causing the Himalayas!
And the Himalayas stop the rains due to the rainshadow effect
That's why west of the Himalayas, on the Indian side, it's green (left).
But it's rather drier on China's Tibet side (right).
So all that historic monsoon water stays on the Indian/Pakistani side.
China's water usually comes from its own monsoon, which comes from the Pacific and is earlier in the summer. So the heatwave has not caused floods there, but drought.
b. The glaciers.
Pakistan has thousands of them.
A historic heatwave means historic melting, which adds to the massive monsoon rains.
Here's the thing: India & Pakistan would be a desert if it weren't for the Monsoon because they're in the horse latitudes
In fact, a big chunk of Pakistan is a desert. The only part that is habitable is the Indus Valley, which is the river that gathers *all* the water from the Himalayas/Hindu Kush, and makes its banks fertile.
You can see Pakistan's population through its nightlights: only visible in that valley
So when a heatwave melts glaciers and causes historic monsoons, all that water concentrates in that single Indus Valley, which hosts 220M Pakistanis.
30M of them are caught in these floods.
Summary:
• Summer heat causes imbalances in humid/dry air in the Indian Ocean vs Eurasia ➡️ monsoon
• Climate change ➡️ Historic heatwave ➡️ Historic monsoon
• Tectonic plates ➡️ Himalayas, which concentrates monsoon water on the Pakistani side
• The plates also causes glaciers, which melt during a massive heatwave, adding to the monsoon
• All that water concentrates in the Indus Valley. That makes it fertile ➡️ 220M ppl
• They get flooded
• Himalayas stop the water ➡️ China only gets drought
Never bet against the US:
Ppl think its biggest strength is its institutions, the dollar, entrepreneurship... But one of its biggest assets is its geography 🧵
1. Size
The US is the 4th largest country. It spans an entire continent, reaches two oceans, and is big enough to be a geographic heavyweight in the world
2. The Mississippi Basin
It's the 4th largest drainage basin in the world and occupies 40% of the contiguous 48 US states, touching 32 of the US’s 50 states. 11 US states directly take their name from it.
Climate caused the US Civil War, because: 1. Slavery was the main cause of the war 2. Different crops were the main cause of slavery 3. Climate caused different crops in the North vs South
This is terribly important to understand the US today and how to heal it
🧵
1. Slavery was the main cause of the war: the Abolitionist North & the Slavery South were competing to expand westward to increase their political influence
But the North grew & expanded faster, to a point where it could force abolition on the South, which then seceded
In 1790, the Free & Slave states had the same population, and there were many more Slave States (8 vs 5), so Slave States controlled the Senate.
By the eve of the war in 1860, the North had 50% more population and 4 more states, giving them control of both the House & Senate
Moscow is one of the weirdest capitals:
• Biggest European city
• Extremely cold
• Little farmland
• To Russia's extreme west
• Not on a coast or main river
How did it create the biggest country on Earth?
It involves horse archers, human harvesting & tiny animals 🧵
The first shocking fact is that Russia is so far north it's at the edge of arable land. How can you create a capital with so little food? Why not in the middle of the most fertile area on Earth?
This far north is extremely cold
Moscow is the 3rd coldest capital in the world and by far the biggest: with 20M ppl, its metro population is 8x bigger than the 2nd biggest cold capital, Stockholm!
This map tells you how a seemingly innocent difference, like wheat vs rice eating, can have dramatic political, economic, and cultural ramifications:
🧵
The areas that harvest wheat vs rice are different. Why?
Because of climate
Rice needs heat and lots of water. Ideally, flooding the fields to also kill weeds. Rice dies with frost.
Wheat resists it well, prefers cooler temperatures, but dies when it's flooded
Did you know the West's trade deficits to China are not recent, but started 2000 years ago? This is the story of how silk, porcelain, tea, opium, and silver have determined the history of the world 🧵
The Romans already complained about deficits to China! Mainly because of silk
Back then the Chinese already preferred manufacturing and selling products than consuming foreign products. Chronicler Solinus ~200 AD: The Chinese "prefer only to sell their products, but do not like to buy our goods."
Why did 🇮🇱Israel strike 🇮🇷Iran now, and not months or years ago or in the future?
A unique combination of a dozen factors converged to make the moment unique for 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵 1. No Hamas to its southwest 2. No Hezbollah to its north 3. No Assad threat to the northeast
4...
4. No more Syrian army to attack 🇮🇱Israel's planes: As the new forces of HTS took over Syria, Israel bombed all the existing Syrian military. No more fighter jets or surface-to-air missiles to threaten 🇮🇱Israel
5. Ability to fly over Syria to refuel
This is critical, because 🇮🇷Iran is ~600-1000 miles away from 🇮🇱Israel, so 1200-2000 miles round trip
The range of Israel’s stealth F35 is only about 1,350 mi
To operate inside 🇮🇷Iran, 🇮🇱Israel needed refueling over Syria