September 13: The Battle of Ad Decimum took place #OTD in 533. Belisarius vs. Gelimer. Romans vs. Vandals. An epic battle which just happens to be my favorite in Belisarius' career. Read on to discover how the battle unfolded. #BelisariusAndAntonina
The first element of the Roman army to reach Ad Decimum (the ten mile marker south of Carthage) was the vanguard, led by a household retainer of Belisarius named John. The vanguard consisted of 300 cavalry from the personal guardsmen (bucellarii) of Belisarius.
Phase 1: The Roman vanguard under John arrives at Ad Decimum and immediately runs into Ammatas and his men. Ammatas, remember, had been instructed by Gelimer to come from Carthage with all the forces available to him and converge on Ad Decimum.
Gelimer intended to arrive at the same time as Ammatas, but Ammatas in his excitement had charged out too quickly. He also had not waited to assemble the entire Vandal garrison of Carthage, and had rushed ahead of them with only his retainers.
In a fierce battle, John and the guardsmen destroyed the Vandal force, killing Ammatas, and then rode all the way up to the walls of Carthage, killing or scattering the stragglers of the Vandal garrison along the way.
Phase 2: At roughly the same time, about five miles away, Gibamund and his force of 2,000 Vandal warriors, who were to close the Vandal pincer from the west, ran into the west guard of the Roman army: 600 Hunnic cavalry.
Although they were outnumbered, the Huns shattered Gibamund's army and slaughtered the Vandals to the last man. Thus, without the main army of Belisarius or Gelimer yet engaging in combat, the plan of Gelimer was already in tatters. Neither general nor king knew this, though.
Phase 3: Belisarius and the main Roman army make camp four miles south of Ad Decimum. Belisarius leaves the infantry in the camp, and leads out his cavalry, about 5,000 strong, to do some reconnaissance in force.
To protect the main body of his cavalry, Belisarius dispatched a smaller unit of cavalry known as the federates ahead as a screen. When these reached Ad Decimum, they found the bodies of Ammatas and his men (recall that John and the vanguard had already ridden ahead to Carthage).
As the federate screen were inspecting the bodies, a dust cloud appeared to the southwest: Gelimer and the main Vandal army had arrived at last. The federates fought a brief battle against the Vandals for control of the nearest hill, but being outnumbered, fell back in disarray.
While falling back, the federates swept up a force of 800 guardsmen of Belisarius (an additional screen?), and the whole united group then fled back to the main Roman cavalry body. This caused confusion and only with difficulty did Belisarius restore order.
Phase 4: Belisarius receives a full report from his men. He learned that John had shattered the Vandal garrison of Carthage, and that the Huns had destroyed the force of Gibamund. This gave him the confidence to proceed: he ordered his cavalry forward to attack.
Gelimer, meanwhile, had been idle at Ad Decimum. The historian Procopius accuses him of being overly sentimental: he was busy weeping over the body of his brother Ammatas. But this is unlikely to have been the main reason for Gelimer remaining at Ad Decimum.
Unlike Belisarius, Gelimer did not have intelligence on what had happened. He knew Ammatas was dead, yes, but he did not have any clue what happened to Gibamund and his 2,000 men. He was perhaps awaiting them, or sending out scouts to determine the location of the Roman army.
So Gelimer and the Vandals were still idling at Ad Decimum when the main body of Roman cavalry arrived. Belisarius and the Romans charged immediately. The Vandals broke and fled, with the Romans pursuing and killing as many as they could.
Gelimer and many of the Vandals escaped west, toward modern Algeria, and survived to fight another day. But Belisarius had won the first battle (really four mini battles) of the Vandal War. This would eventually lead to him winning a triumph the next year.
Tweets not enough for you? Check out the video on Belisarius' Vandal War from @EpicHistoryTV here:
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Byzantine history enthusiasts often (with good reason) get irate about the Fourth Crusade. They should also celebrate the many conscientious objectors on the Fourth Crusade that refused to attack fellow Christians. This is an appreciation thread. 🧵
From the moment Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice, proposed that the crusaders should attack the city of Zara, Geoffrey of Villehardouin reports: "There was much opposition."
The most articulate voice against the twisting of the Fourth Crusade is Guy, the Abbot of Vaux, who loudly proclaimed "My lords, on behalf of the Roman Pope I forbid you to lay siege to this city. For it is a Christian city and you are pilgrims."
Have you ever wanted more details about the Fourth Crusade’s attack on Constantinople in 1204? Two eyewitness accounts that are great to read together are Geoffrey of Villehardouin and Nicetas Choniates. Here are a few excerpts. 🧵
Geoffrey of Villehardouin (born around 1150) was a French knight and the Marshal of Champagne. He was one of the ambassadors to Venice who negotiated the deal for Venetian shipping of the crusade and he remained with the crusade until the end.
Nicetas Choniates (born around 1155) was a Roman civil official and governor of Philippopolis. He was an important author and historian in Nicaea, to which he fled after the conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders.
Welcome new followers! 👋 Allow me to introduce myself. I am a historian of the sixth-century Roman world and I post about all things Roman/Byzantine. My interests range from the founding of Rome to the fall of Constantinople.
In addition to posting about my own research, I also occasionally post about the field of Byzantine studies (or as I prefer to think of it, medieval Roman studies) and teaching as a university professor in the USA. Thanks for being here!
If you are new to this account, here are a few of my greatest threads. Was the Byzantine Empire Roman?
To celebrate my book's first birthday (released July 4 last year), I offer up a meditation on a curious little episode: the Vandal King Gelimer quoting the great refrain of Ecclesiastes: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." #Roman #Byzantine 🧵
Some background: At the command of Justinian (r. 527-565), the general Belisarius led a Roman army to crush the Vandals and restore North Africa and most of its surrounding islands to Roman control in a lightning campaign that lasted just six months (September 533-March 534).
(This is probably underselling the shocking rapidity of this victory, because all major combat operations were complete by December 533 [3 months], and everything after that was claiming far-flung outposts and forcing the besieged Vandal King Gelimer into submission.)
The Count of the Stable (Comes Stabuli, from which we derive "constable") was a late antique officer of the Roman imperial court responsible for levying horses and pack animals for government use. Although it sounds like a humble post, it was held by a number of famous Romans. 🧵
I have been writing on the Comes Stabuli recently and was astonished to learn that occupants of the office included the future emperor Valens (r. 364-378) and the famous generals Stilicho (d. 408) and Aetius (d. 454).
This is of particular interest to me since in the sixth century Belisarius held the title of ἄρχον τῶν βασιλικῶν ἱπποκόμων (Commander of the Imperial Grooms), which was presumably a variant form of the same office.
Over the past few months I engaged in a variety of media (podcasts, blogs, book sites, etc) to get word out about my new book. This thread summarizes all that activity, both to keep it in one place and to give ideas to other academics with new books!
I started with places that would let me write a few words about my book to catch the interest of other bibliophiles. The first was on a humble blog called "The Page 99 Test":