Good map -- illustrates some historical processes. The 2 words pur & grama>gaon are already seen in the RV & mean fortified settlement or village. grama has an additional meaning of host/military encampment. The Slavic ortholog of grama means a mass. Which might explain its
emergence in Indo-Aryan -- a collection of household -> village. nagara is a late IA neologism seen in the taittirIya AraNyaka in the same sense as its current use. It might reflect growing urbanization is certain zones of the late IA settlement. The above map clearly shows that
nagara has two foci one in the west in Rajasthan & another in the east. We suspect that this recapitulates the reurbanization under the Indo-Aryan-s. This is consistent with nagara coming from a form like nR^igara -- a gathering of men which by the late Vedic period had acquired
a prAkR^itic patina; thus, being expressed a nR^i>na-gara. Finally, it is not clear if the maker included other apabhramsha formations into this like nar/ner -> bikA-ner; gir-nAr; which are found in the old locus of nagara. The form pur & its augmentations are largely associated
with the original domain of the Arya-s in India. The nagara was likely superimposed on pur- in the east with the first urbanization in the magadha-va~Nga region. halli/palli are clearly Dravidian in provenance. The dominance of grAma in uttarAkhaNDa & old daNDakAraNya suggests
it represents a distinct mode of Aryan expansion via small migrant settlements rather than royal conquests. This appears to have happened both to the south &the north. The pura focus in the south appears to be a consequence of new foundings/revivals by the chAlukya-> vijayanagara
A memory of the engulfment of Erikepaios and the regeneration of the universe from Zeus, is implied in this fragment of laud of the god in the Orphic tradition:
The importance of the heart in this tradition is paralleled by an incantation in the soma rite, where the essence of
the universe is said to be distilled into indra's heart via soma:
nAbhA pR^ithivyA dharuNo maho divo
.apAm Urmau sindhuShv antar ukShitaH |
indrasya vajro vR^iShabho vibhUvasuH
somo hR^ide pavate chAru matsaraH ||
The nave of the earth, the support of the vast heaven,
the wave of water, the one moistened in the rivers,
the vajra of indra, the showerer with much wealth
the auspiciously exhilarating soma distills into [indra's] heart.
The Orphic tradition preserves some interesting motifs that are not found in the mainstream Greek theogonies: 1. Zeus and Demeter mate as a pair of snakes. They engender the awful goddess Persephone (Kore) as a result. She is said to be two-headed and horned. Demeter is so
alarmed by her appearance that she flees from her without suckling her. However, Demeter later takes her back to her house and hands over the overladyship of the goddesses to Kore. Persephone consorts with Apollo to give birth to the nine glorious fiery-faced children known as
the Eumenides (a possible link to the Rudra-class deity generating a multiplicity of fiery offspring). In a parallel myth, Persephone and Zeus mating again in the form of snakes engender Dionysus. Zeus bears him in his thigh (another old motif) and finally hands him over to the
Some linguists have proposed that the Thracian branch of IE was specifically related to Baltic. We are generally sympathetic to that view – in the least we see it as being a sister group to Balto-Slavic to the exclusion of Indo-Iranian. Of course, there is little we can do about
testing this conjecture from a linguistic standpoint because Thracian is dead and gone. However, this opens another line of investigation. The Greek tradition records a key hymn composer, Orpheus, the son of Oeagrus, as being a Thracian. The Orphic hymn collection was an
important scriptural body for the yavana-s that continued to be studied and interpreted down to the last of their great thinkers, Damascius. While like the Hindu ṛṣi-s, Orpheus and Orphic material have acquired a great overburden of later accretion, there might be some uniquely
Abaris son of Seuthes is a likely non-Zoroastrian, Iranic ritualist operating among the yavana-s. We could see him as an Iranic "pAshupata"-like figure. He is said to have composed several works titled the 1. Scythian oracles; 2. The marriage of river Hebrus; 3.Purificatory rites
4.A prose theogony; 5. Apollo's coming to the Hyperboreans. He is said to have been a contemporary of Pythagoras & the yavana-s record him as the author of numerous incantations, especially for medical use. He is said to have established a temple to a godddess at Sparta that the
yavana-s identified with the awful Persephone. He is said to have held an arrow or flown around on the arrow of Apollo. This ain't a yavana motif. Instead, it brings to mind the tishtrya yasht wherein the eponymous rudra-class deity is said to fly around like an arrow shot by the
Aware of some R&AW+mil agents who really had a clear idea of marUnmAda's civilizational war &its scope, beyond operational issues like its role in the proliferation of addictive substances, fake currency etc. However, there seems to have been a division (at least in the past)
between those who understood mlechCha support for marUnmatta-s & those who were specialists in marUnmAda. It also seems that among the former the realization of pan-pa~nchanetra perfidy was acquired the hard way when the mahAmlechCha protected their marUnmatta ally TSP during the
investigations of the first strike on mumbai -- after all TSP had supplied critical equipment that was gifted to them by the mahAmlechCha. Earlier when the R&AW was helping the Africans in the struggle against the occident they had gained some knowledge of this deceit but this
The wide and rapid spread of the Lumpy skin poxvirus in cattle across the desh is rather puzzling.There seem to be lacunae in understanding its spread. First, there are multiple reports that quarantines to restrict spread widely fail. That seems to be borne out here too. That has
led proposal that factors other than contact with saliva or pustules might be in play. This is keeping with the spread in multiple states where the cattle simply could not have come in direct contact. Others have suggested that it is arthropod borne -- insects(?) & ticks which
have been shown to be capable of transmitting it in Africa. Lice have been proposed for swinepox. Yet, it is unlikely that ticks/lice have moved all the way from the epicenter in western India to the south in a short while. Its cousins the sheeppox and goatpox are said to be