"On the #Kristallnacht, the 9th November, my husband disappeared. I phoned my mother-in-law & said my husband hadn’t come home. She got very agitated & said he must have been taken away. He looked very Jewish. There he is, very Jewish, you can see…"
1/9
"They interned him in Dachau. I sat there with a child, really beside myself, nothing I could do. I was still breastfeeding & I was very terrible, alone with the baby. My parents-in-law sent my nephew; he was 13. You know it’s very eerie for a young woman, alone with a baby…"
"Nearly every shop in Munich had a poster ‘we will not serve Jews here.’ But neighbours would offer to shop for you & offer money. A whole lot of very decent Germans helped us. So I don’t have this terrible hatred like some do. There were very very kind people…"
3/9
"If you go against the government & they intern you, you might still do it. But, if they say we’ll take your children or your wife, you will not open your mouth. I understand, it's only human, you keep your mouth shut. That’s what they did in Germany: absolute terror…"
4/9
"Neighbours, they’d dare hardly speak to you in case they were caught speaking to a Jew. Go on the other side of the road. Our main sales lady spoke to customers: ‘It’s terrible, our boss is interned in Dachau, there’s a young woman with a newborn baby, how can they get out’?"
"This woman said: ‘I'm a Quaker. Get your boss’s wife to write a letter to Edinburgh Friends House, they’ll probably help her. So I sat down & wrote a letter to whom it may concern. I put in a little photo. In those days you photographed the children naked on a bear skin…"
6/9
"British people are very charity minded, all the people who have enough to live & are older, all do voluntary work. This lady in Edinburgh saw that photo. Her husband was a minister of the Church of Scotland & had been a missionary in China, a Mr Hope Moncrieff…"
7/9
"The papers were all full of how terrible for the Jews in Germany. He said: ‘We should do something’. She said: ‘I just saw this morning a photo of a baby with the parents; they looked so innocent. I think we take them’. So they offered us a home…"
8/9
The photos show Gertrude with her husband & daughters, Glasgow, 1955 + Gertrude during our interview, 2004.
May 1945: After forced emigration to the USSR, Berta Klipstein returns to Poland.
"When our concierge saw us, that we are still alive: 'You shouldn’t be’, that sort of thing. There was a lot of antisemitism. We knew we couldn’t stay. It was just a stop, a transit point…"
1/8
"Soon after we left there were these dreadful pogroms in Kielce. Lots of that going on. But we were young, we used to meet my husband & other young people & go dancing. We had a nice time between us. It was such a relief to what went on before. But we knew it wasn’t for long."
"When Rabbi Schonfeld came that was an opportunity to go. My stepfather put my name on the list. I went to Warsaw to get a transport to go to England. Warsaw was just unbelievable. Not a single building intact. Ruins, & people living on the 5th floor. It was very, very bad."
3/8
Postwar, Lili Pohlmann was brought to Britain by Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld.
"He was the most handsome man you can ever imagine to meet in your life. He really was. You want me to smile? Tell me Rabbi Schonfeld; then I smile. To us, he was a god. A god came & took us out…"
1/9
"He did the most amazing things in order to get those children out. It was certainly not easy, to say the least. Where to get the money for it. All the bureaucracy that goes with it. But he had to get the children out from convents & non-Jewish families who were protecting them…
"Today they say that there are out of those whom he took out before the war & three transports after the war, 10,000 people around the world that he got out."
Lili came to London from Poland in 1946 on the first of Rabbi Schonfeld's postwar transports.
3/9
Vichy France, 1943: After her mother is sent to Auschwitz, Eva Mendelsson, 12, is hidden in a convent, then smuggled across the Swiss border.
"15 of us went by night, we were assembled. You only had what you were wearing. So therefore you wore 2 pants, 2 socks…"
1/8
"We were told to be utterly quiet, to do exactly what we were told. If anybody shouts 'Appla!’ we go flat on our stomachs & not to cry, not to do anything of that nature. We were good. We had a passeur, he’s the man who shows you the way."
2/8
"This 15 of us went across & had to climb what seemed a very high barbed wire. Could be a 12 year old child it’s different from what it was in reality. We were told when we get to the other side they will shout, “Halte là!”, and you stop dead in your tracks, or they shoot…"
3/8
Joanna Millan was 3 when the Soviets liberated Theresienstadt.
"That was really frightening when the Russians came. They were just in different uniform. We didn’t know if they were good people or not good people. Nobody bothered to tell us; we were just little children…"
1/9
Joanna was brought to the UK by the RAF with other child survivors.
"They called themselves ‘The Boys’ which I’m very upset about, because there were over 70 girls. It was really, really frightening. Those bombers: really noisy, no seats. Very dark. So that’s got… in my mind."
Joanna attributes her survival to various factors:
"That my mother had died in the camp. If she’d survived, she'd have been deported to Auschwitz & carried me into the gas chambers. Because I had no one to take me; I was sort of ‘left’. Why bother? You know, I’d die anyway."
3/9
After his #Kindertransport, Stefan Ruff was housed in a Jewish old age home in Walton-on-the-Naze.
"I was a little distressed. The great aim was to get a family to take you into their home. Nobody ever showed any interest in me. I was most upset. I thought ‘Why don’t they’?" 1/8
"From there we were shipped to another refugee camp: Clayton House, near Ipswich. My father placed an advert in the British pharmaceutical press before they went to Shanghai, March of 1939, asking if anybody would want me. A pharmacist in Glasgow volunteered, a Christian family."
"I stayed with that family. But, at that time, school-leaving age was 14. The thought of me going to school after 14 or even going to university never entered their head. As far as they were concerned, I was 14, I didn’t need to go to school, I needed to find somewhere to work."