Simona Cristea Profile picture
Nov 1, 2022 15 tweets 10 min read Read on X
#GraphNeuralNetworks are way too cool to be left unexplored!

In a nutshell, GNNs are an exciting merger between graph theory (math) & #DeepLearning (coding).

Here's my detailed resource stack of best GNN theory explainers, videos & coding tutorials I used for my own learning.
1. This is a great place to start if you either: want to learn the basics, or enjoy reading about basic concepts explained in a well structured way.

It walks us through graphs in real world, what graphs & GNNs consist of, and how GNNs do prediction.

distill.pub/2021/gnn-intro/
2. Further, this next tutorial walks us through graphs & GNNs in an intuitive manner, while also going quite deep into the specific mathematical terminology of the field.

I like this one a lot because it also includes hands-on PyTorch code at every step.
theaisummer.com/graph-convolut…
3. Next resource is very very good. This advanced video is an excellent explainer of the theoretical foundations of GNNs by @PetarV_93 @DeepMind

And here's the slide deck from the same video, in case you need to make notes, come back to it later or use it as inspiration for your own teaching.

petar-v.com/talks/GNN-Wedn…
4. Building further, a good educational resource from @DeepMind combines GNN theory & hands-Collab explainer & coding tutorials (JAX & Jraph). It starts off gently, but does go through several core maths concepts quite in-depth.

github.com/deepmind/educa…
5. Next, this follow-up @distillpub article is less introductory that resource (1), but I still find it quite accessible. It intuitively extends the convolution concept to graphs & thoroughly explains *interactively* different types of graph convolutions.
distill.pub/2021/understan…
6. If papers are your thing, this 2020 paper is a good overview. I learned a lot from it.

But don't forget: #GraphNeuralNetworks are a rapidly changing field, so being on top of recent advances is a must.

sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
7. Now, this paper is literally the most recent GNN in biomedicine review that you could possibly find, as it came up yesterday. Is is from @marinkazitnik's lab & it also discusses lots of #genomics, s.a. single cell transcriptomics or cell interactions
If you are interested in applications of GNN to genomics or 🔥biology unraveled by #singlecell #spatial #transcriptomics, I just wrote an explainer thread about two very nice recent papers that came out last week

8. For bio folks: Marinka's lab website @marinkazitnik is really a gem for learning resources on GNNs in biomedicine.

‼️All materials from her 2022 ISMB tutorial on Graph Representation Learning are downloadable. Seriously, this is very good stuff🙏

zitniklab.hms.harvard.edu/meetings/
I need to take a small detour and just mention this. I first saw Marinka's work at the ISMB conference in 2019 in Basel, where she gave a tutorial on Learning on Graphs. Her presentation was excellent & impressed first and foremost by clarity. She made it all sound so easy.
9. Next, this is a collection of hands-on coding GNN tutorials @harvardmed to which @marinkazitnik also contributed: Machine Learning on Graphs. It's quite good for coding practice.

github.com/mims-harvard/g…
10. And... I kept (one of) the best for last: @jure's excellent Machine Learning on Graph Stanford lectures are available on Youtube. This is a very comprehensive resource: the material covers the basics in-depth, while also diving deep towards the end.

youtube.com/playlist?list=…
These are the best resources I've used for my own learning, and that I'm revisiting periodically.

Hope it helps people discover the beauty of GNNs♥️

Please add to this thread good resources that you came across in your learning as well, thanks!

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More from @simocristea

Dec 31, 2023
To end 2023, I’ll share one of the most insightful & well-written papers I read in 2023.

This study @Nature links *spatial* tumor organization to immunotherapy response in breast cancer.

Immunotherapy is our strongest weapon against cancer. We need to understand it better.
🧵🧵 Image
Long thread ahead, going deep into the molecular workings of breast cancer immunotherapy.

TL;DR:
1. Cancer–immune interactions & proliferative fractions predict immunotherapy response
2. Both pre-treatment & on-treatment predictors
3. Immunotherapy remodels the microenvironment
The paper is about triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

TNBC lacks ER & PR hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) activity.

It is the most aggressive of the 4 breast cancer subtypes.

Responds poorest to treatment & has higher prevalence in younger women. Image
Read 41 tweets
Oct 31, 2023
New: the monthly roller-coaster through October’s coolest life science papers is here 🚀🧬

3-sentence summaries of papers on evolution, single cell methodologies, genetic screens & more.

And, only for October, an educational video on fighting cancer🤺 as a bonus.

Enjoy 3x10! Image
1. Assembly theory (Sharma et al., Nature)

The most (in)famous paper I read this month proposes a new framework (assembly theory, that is) to explain basically everything… or, more specifically, “to unify descriptions of evolutionary selection across physics and biology” 1/3 Image
This paper is not an easy read for anybody (in particular evolutionary biologists), but, to its merit, it sparked scientific discussions by being different than what is expected for a scientific paper describing evolution. 2/3
Read 38 tweets
Sep 22, 2023
The human genome is gradually unravelling its secrets 🎁

AlphaMissense model @ScienceMagazine: one more path lit up by deep learning in exploring the code of life 🧬

We now know with high confidence if 89% of ALL missense variants are benign or pathogenic

Key contributions🧵🧵 Image
First things first:

Missense variants = genetic variants (i.e DNA bases) that change the amino acid sequence (i.e groups of 3 bases, building blocks of proteins) in proteins.

Missense variants are more important than non-missense ones, as more likely to have functional impact. Image
Now, even if a variant changes the amino acid structure of a protein (i.e it is missense), it is not necessarily that the variant also impacts the function of its corresponding protein.

Further, even if protein function gets impacted, it isn't clear in which way or by how much.
Read 41 tweets
Jul 21, 2023
3 amazing papers just out @Nature, the kind worth giving up sleep for🦉

Spatial multi-omics human maps:
-placenta: MIBI & DSP
-intestine: CODEX & snRNAseq & snATACseq
-kidney: Visium & scRNA & scATAC

After sequencing single cells, we are now finally putting them back together🧵 Image
1. Placenta 1/5

Understanding the mysterious maternal processes that sustain embryo development is fascinating.

Mapping those spatially with proteins & mRNA to describe the maternal-fetal interface in the first half of pregnancy is really mind-blowing.

https://t.co/j14fWp8dZznature.com/articles/s4158…
Image
1. Placenta 2/5

- 500,000 cells with MIBI of 37 antibody panel
- 66 individuals (6-20 weeks gestation)

Immune tolerance model proposed for how the structure & function of the maternal endometrium transforms to promote the regulated invasion of genetically dissimilar fetal cells Image
Read 19 tweets
Jun 20, 2023
Twitter messed up my previous thread, but this is too important to let it slide:

Here are (again) my summary & thoughts on early detection & an amazing work

Deep learning model trained on 9 million patient records in Denmark & US finds people at risk for pancreatic cancer
🧵🧵 Image
In this thread, we'll discuss:

1. Context & significance of study
2. Datasets
3. Deep learning model
4. Model performance
5. Feature interpretability
6. Thoughts

And here's the link to the paper:

nature.com/articles/s4159…
1. Context & Significance of Study
========================

Pancreatic cancer is a terrible disease.

Despite impressive progress, its 5-year survival rate in the US is currently no more than 12%. Image
Read 56 tweets
Jun 1, 2023
Cancer is a terrible disease, and also one that we all know too well.

It is not a new problem, rather one that exists since thousands of years & is studied in unimaginable detail.

Then why do people still die of cancer?

Let's start understanding this by taking a step back. Image
It’s 1938, and Public Health Services are advising people that detecting and treating cancers early will save their lives. Image
Now fast-forward nowadays. We hear the exact same core message from the Public Health Services of our times, gradually and consistently backed up by more and more data. Image
Read 46 tweets

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