Eyal Hashkes | ืื™ืœ ื”ืฉืงืก Profile picture
Nov 11, 2022 โ€ข 20 tweets โ€ข 7 min read โ€ข Read on X
๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡พ ๐Ÿ’ต
ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืงืช, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (18)โฌ‡๏ธ

(ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื“ื”: ืžื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”?) ImageImage
ื”ืคืขื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก: ืžืคื” ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”.
ืืกื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”:
-ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื“ืœื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื
-ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ/ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™
-ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืดื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื Image
ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื; ื”ื•ืจืก ื”ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื; ืžื‘ืจื™ื— ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ืžื•ืช.
ืžื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืจื•ืขืžื™ื?

academic.oup.com/oep/article-abโ€ฆ
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืื– 2011 ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืงืจืก. ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชืžืดื’ ืœื ืคืฉ ื™ืจื“ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ืžืื– ื”ืชืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืงืœื”, ืืš ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฉืจืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ืดืช. Image
ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ื™ื•ื. ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื–ืœื’ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืกื•ืจื™ ื ืชืงืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื.

ืืกื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ื™ื -ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ืจื™ื”.

reuters.com/article/syria-โ€ฆ
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืชื” ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืดื—ื•ืง ืงื™ืกืจืด (ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืจื™ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœื ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื). ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื™ืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ.
ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”.
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืงืจืก.
ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
ืžืจืžื” ืฉืœ 50 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›2,500, ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ 5,000.
1% ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืจื”. Image
ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืชืœืช-ืกืคืจืชื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช 400-300%. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื• ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื), ื•ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื.

english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2022/โ€ฆ
ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืœ ืืœื•, 80% ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืดื ื›ืžืขื˜ 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืืจื™.

ืืœื• ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืœืœื ืืกืคืงื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืœื—ื ืื• ืœื’ื–. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ืฉื•ืงืžื•, ืื• ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ.

reliefweb.int/attachments/1fโ€ฆ
ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ 50% ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, 80% ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉืจื•ื“. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืœืžื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“: ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื 50-150 ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” 20 ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืจื•ืช.

mei.edu/publications/wโ€ฆ
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื”ืจืก, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ ืงืจืกื•, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื.

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจืก. ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืื” ืฉืชืื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 80%. Image
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช.
ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ืคืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” #ืคื™ื“ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ืืช.
ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืคืขื™ืœ ืืš ืœื ืฉื•ืงืง ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง, ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืกืคืงื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื• ื’ื–, ื™ืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื•.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ืžืžืฉ. ืืš ืขืกืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืœื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื“ืœืง.
ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกื™ืŸ.
ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื: ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืืชื™, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื™ื‘ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ?
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื:>
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจ ืคื•ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืคื˜ืื’ื•ืŸ, ืกื ืžืžื›ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
ื”ืกื ืžื•ื‘ืจื— ืžื ืžืœื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืกืžื™ื ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘, ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
carnegieendowment.org/sada/88109
ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช) ืœื ืคื— ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืณ.
#ืคื™ื“ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืดืžื—ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืชืด, ืฉื‘ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืกืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืง ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื— ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืื”ืจ ืืœืืกื“. Image
ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” (ื”ื™ืฉื ื”) ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืณ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 1.2 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืณ.
ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื”ื’ืขืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“.

eastasiaforum.org/2021/05/08/whyโ€ฆ
ืžืชื•ืš 4 ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืขืช ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ, 2 ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื”. ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืกืงืจืชื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืชืงืžืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืกื•ืจื™.

csis.org/analysis/syriaโ€ฆ

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Nov 1
๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿง’โ€๐Ÿง’ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืดื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืด.

ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื•ืดื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืด ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ? ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”? ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ?

ืฉืจืฉื•ืจโฌ‡๏ธ๐Ÿงต Image
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื‘ ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื ืžื•ืš - ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ื™ืœ, ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื‘ื ื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ืดื‘ืœื™ื˜ื”ืด ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืคื ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
(ื”ื ื” ืคื ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื”).
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ (ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“, ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช - ืื•ืชื• ืดื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืด.

ืœืžื”?

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ืดื™ื—ืก ื”ืชืœื•ืชืด, ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช (ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื ื” ืื• ืฆืขื™ืจื”) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•. Image
Read 16 tweets
Oct 23
ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”).

ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ? ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœื™ โฌ‡๏ธ๐Ÿงต

โ€”

๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ท ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ 5% ื‘2023, ื”ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” 3.7% ื‘2024. ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”! ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช> Image
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืช-ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืืŸ?

ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืกื“ืง ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื•.

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื> Image
ืœื ืชื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ืฉื›ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ - ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฉืžืฉืงืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ (ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช)โฌ‡๏ธ

ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื.>
Read 10 tweets
Oct 18
***ืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™ื***

ืดื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืืด ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืจื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืช ืœื™ื• ืฆืฉื™ืŸ.

ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืžื’ื”-ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืื•, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงืจืื• ื•ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื ื™ืงืจืื•.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืจืื• ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจืชื. Image
***ืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™ื***

ื‘ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ:
1. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื”
2. ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ืžื ืขื”
3. ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
4. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื mind blowing ื‘ืกื“ืจื”
5. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”

ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคื” ืœื˜ืจืคื™ืง ืจื‘. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื๐Ÿงตโฌ‡๏ธ
***ืกืคื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™ื***

1. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื”โฌ‡๏ธ

ื‘ืกืคืจ 1 ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืœื—ืœืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช, ื”ื˜ืจื™ืกื•ืœืจื™ื, ืงืœื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืชืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื•ืš 400 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ืกื•ืœืจื™ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”.
Read 26 tweets
Oct 16
๐Ÿ™๏ธืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ - ืžื’ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืžืชืขืชื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื - ื•ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื - ืžืชื ื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ืžื” ืงืจื” ืื™ืชื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื? ืžื” ื”ืฆืคื™ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืชื•? ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ?

ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉืจืฉื•ืจโฌ‡๏ธ๐Ÿงต Image
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืงืจื”.

ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ื–ื” ืฉื™ืงืฃ ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.

ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ืณ ื—ืณืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›830 ืžื˜ืจ. Image
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื. ืืฃ ืคืขื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื•ืœ.

ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืคื˜ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”.

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. Image
Read 15 tweets
Sep 22
๐Ÿ“ธ ๐Ÿ‡ฑ๐Ÿ‡ง ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ - ืื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืดื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืชืด.

ืืกืงืคื™ื–ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ๐Ÿงตโฌ‡๏ธ

โ€”โ€”โ€”

ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืคืœ ื‘ืืชืืจื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš
ืชื™ืื•ืจ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” - ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
> ืžืงื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื”: Lebanon Trips and Tours
ื”ืœืื”.

ื–ื• ืงืœื™ืฉืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืชื•ืกืกืช ื•ืžืจืชืงืช.
ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื”, ื—ื™ื™ ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื™ื, ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืื›ืœืก ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ).>
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Traveling Lens Photography
ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœืชืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.>
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Read 16 tweets
Sep 6
๐Ÿ›ฉ๏ธ ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• (ื—ืœืงื™)?
ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.

ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื”, ื”ืื•ืดื - ื•ืื™ืชื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื - ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžื‘ืจื’ื•.

ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื? ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืœื™ื˜ืจืœื™๐Ÿงตโฌ‡๏ธ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจ
ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”ืดืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘1947-8. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฆื•ืจ (ืฆื•ืงืจื‘ืจื’) ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ.

ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืชืื™ื. Image
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืื™ื–ื” ืืกืคืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื/ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ "ื‘ื•ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจืด ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื•ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจ
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