Mauro Gilli Profile picture
Dec 3, 2022 20 tweets 8 min read Read on X
Given the attention to the B21, here I have listed some articles and books that I found useful when I wanted to understand #stealth technology (or "low observable", LO).
First and foremost, to understand stealth you need to have at least some general understanding of radar (and more generally, sensors). I wrote a thread some time ago with some references

A great place to start for stealth is this book by Richardson (they have different titles, but it's literally the same book, one just came out after the other) which provides a historical overview, and accessible explanations devoid of technical discussions.
Bill Sweetman wrote or co-wrote several books in the 1980s and 1990s on stealth aircraft. They are generally short and accessible, and add some technical details explained in very simple way.
Similarly accessible and with an eye to operational context is this report by the Mitchell Institute, which puts stealth in context.
This report gets a bit more technical, but it's again very short, and is overall accessible. Written by a physicist who worked on stealth technology and taught about it.
This biography of Ben Rich, the "father of Stealth" at Skunk Work, is also very interesting, in that it provides many anecdotes about the challenges of developing the stealth aircraft.
This recent book, by historian Westwick, provides the economic, social and strategic context behind the development of stealth technology.
The chapter by Kaminsky is also very interesting, and focuses more on the strategic contexts behind the development of stealth.
These two articles, respectively by Welch and Lepingwell, are interesting for many reasons, including the fact that they provide an idea of the public debate at the time the F-117 had been disclosed and the B-2 was about to be unveiled.
On the F-117 being disclosed, you might want to go and check this issue of Aviation Week and Space Technology.
Moving to more technical writings, this article in IEEE Explore provides a historical overview of stealth, with some technical details (ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/259548).
Aviation Week, a couple of years ago, had a series of 7 articles on Sstealth, if you do not have a physics or electronic engineering background, some parts might be a big demanding, but overall they are explained in a very simple way. here are 4 of 7
aviationweek.com/defense-space/…
This article by a Northrop Grumman engineer provides an introduction to assessing how stealth enhances survivability.
This volume by former Lockheed engineer is a must and treats both what stealth is and its implications in a much deeper and broader way than the other works listed. It gets quite technical, but it covers most of what you will need to know.
To understand the principles behind reductions in observability to radar, many books on radar engineering and electromagnetic scattering will have some useful discussions. If you have already such an understanding, these two books provide a deeper (more technical) dive.
These two articles discuss how evolving air defense technology erodes the advantage of stealth, which put the development of the B-21 in perspective.

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More from @Mauro_Gilli

Dec 18
This is a very interesting and detailed article. But on three parts, it should have contextualized better the points some analysts advanced. foreignpolicy.com/2024/12/16/sub…
First, ocean transparency is something that nobody in the submarine field takes seriously. Sorry to be blunt, but this is how it is (I experienced it first hand when presenting a paper that challenges ocean transparency). Image
Image
The reason being how anti-submarine warfare works, namely it is a massive endeavor in terms of asset and personnel involved: the ocean is huge, sensors have relatively short ranges, after detection, you need to carry out area-search, which will happen t+1 from detection
Read 13 tweets
Nov 26
At least for my small number, my thread about Elon's wrong take on the F-35 got some attention yesterday. Logging off today as I have work to do. Thanks to @Hertie_Security alumn @sochnyev who pointed to me Elon's comments, which followed discussions we have had on this topic.
One general comment about the whole debate: When I teach about air defenses, stealth, radar (as well as the defense industry, weapons design, military operations, personnel policy) I always preface my lectures telling students that my goal is to make them informed citizens.
That is: whatever career they will have, I believe it is important that students who are interested in politics and economics can follow, understand and contribute to public debate about defense, as it should be in a democracy.
Read 8 tweets
Nov 25
So many wrong takes here.

To start, what makes the F-35 or the B-21 expensive is the software and the electronics, not the pilot per se (of course, having the pilot makes it more expensive, but the primary source of cost overrun and time delays was the software). Image
Which is importante because a reusable drone would need to get all that flashy electronics of an F-35, which is expensive (a Global Hawk costs in the 200m ball range, vis-à-vis 90 for an F-35).
Second, to be "reusable" - i.e., capable of operating in contested airspaces - it would need to have stealth technology (i.e., both active and passive cancellation of its different signatures - electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic...)
Read 14 tweets
Nov 23
Io davvero non ho parole. Il giornalismo Italiano, dopo aver dato attenzione e spazio ad un personaggio come Orsini, ora arriva addirittura a celebrarlo come uno che aveva previsto tutto.
Tralasciamo l'errore metodologico del ragionamento di Formigli: per due anni e mezzo l'Occidente, proprio perché ascoltava le scemenze di Orsini sull'escalation nucleare, ha centellinato, posticipato, dilazionato o addirittura evitato la fornitura dei sistemi d'arma più preziosi
per l'Ucraina, e questo approccio ha contribuito direttamente e maggiormente alla situazione nella quale l'Ucraina si trova attualmente).
Read 14 tweets
May 9
Non è alcuna verità storica. E' una visione del tutto parziale dei fatti.
La seconda guerra mondiale in Europa è stata vinta in particolare in mare e nei cieli, domini in cui l'Unione Sovietica ha giocato un ruolo pressoché nullo. Possiamo riconoscere il sacrificio umano dell'Armata Rosa (alleata dei Nazisti fino al 1941), ma non cambia i fatti.
In Europa, la WWII è stata vinta grazie a:
- il radar "centimetrico" che hanno vinto la Battaglia dell'Atlantico (insieme alla capacità di decifrare Enigma e ad al sonar attivo ASDIC);
Read 8 tweets
Apr 25
Orsini ha scritto un articolo delirante contro di me e @aa_gilli. L'articolo invece di rispondere a critiche fattuali che io e Andrea, in due thread diversi, abbiamo avanzato verso sue affermazioni prive di fondamento, si lancia in una invettiva verso di noi.
Orsini cerca poi, maldestramente, di riproporre nuovamente la sua speculazione per cui i sistemi di difesa iraniani riuscirebbero ad abbattere un F-35 a 300-400km di distanza.
Per Orsini, evidentemente, quando si solcano i confini iraniani, le leggi della fisica smettono di essere valide. Un po' come la pastella (grits) nella cucina del testimone di Mio Cugino Vincenzo.
Read 14 tweets

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