UPSC NOTES Profile picture
Dec 9 5 tweets 1 min read
🔆India’s Nuclear Power Programme
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world) Image
Besides India has limited availability of Uranium reserves (about 2% of the world’s uranium reserves)

✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.
🔰U-235 being fissile sets up the chain reaction and U-238 being non-fissile gets converted to Pu-239 as a byproduct (spent fuel)

✅2nd Stage
🔰Fast Breeder Reactors are primarily based on Plutonium.
🔰Its use mix of Plutonium-239 produced in the 1st stage and U-238 that is abundantly found on earth to produce Plutonium inside the reactor.
Note that U-238 is not fissile material and thus cannot set up chain reaction
✅3rd Stage
Thermal Breeder Reactors uses U-233 that is produced in the 2nd stage using thorium-232.

#UPSC_Notes

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More from @UPSC_Notes

Dec 9
◾ FEATURES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS [ PART - 1]
#Fundamentalrights
1. Some of them are available only to the citizens while others are available to all persons whether citizens, foreigners or legal persons like corporations or companies.
2. They are not absolute but qualified. The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them. However, whether such restrictions are reasonable or not is to be decided by the courts.
3. Thus, they strike a balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society
as a whole, between individual liberty and social control.
4. All of them are available against the arbitrary action of the state. However, some of them are also available against the action of private individuals.
Read 4 tweets
Nov 20
■ MINOR COMMITTEE
#Constituentassembly
◇ Finance and Staff Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Credentials Committee - Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar.
◇ House Committee - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Order of Business Committee - Dr. K.M. Munshi.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly - G.V. Mavalankar.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Committee on Chief Commissioners’ Provinces - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions of the Union Constitution -Nalini Ranjan Sarkar (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Linguistic Provinces Commission - S.K. Dar (Not an Assembly Member).
Read 4 tweets
Nov 20
■ MAJOR COMMITTEES OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
#Constituentassembly
◇ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◇ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
◇ Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.
□ This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
• Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
• North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
• Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
• North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee.
Read 4 tweets
Nov 20
■ CHANGES BY THE INDEPENDENT ACT

#Constituentassembly

◇ On April 28, 1947, representatives of the six states were part of the Assembly. After the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947, for the partition of the country, the
representatives of most of the other
princely states took their seats in the Assembly.
◇ The Indian Independence Act of 1947 made the following three changes in the position of the Assembly:
• The Assembly was made a fully sovereign body, which could frame any Constitution it pleased.
The act empowered the Assembly to abrogate or alter any law made by the British Parliament in relation to India.
• The Assembly also became a legislative body. In other words, two separate functions were assigned to the Assembly, that is,
Read 4 tweets
Nov 18
■ OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION
#Constituentassembly
◇ On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.
□ It read:- Image
◇ “This Constituent Assembly declares its firm and solemn resolve to proclaim India as an Independent, Sovereign, Republic and to draw up for her future governance a Constitution:
◇ Wherein the territories that now comprise British India,
the territories that now form the Indian States and such other parts of India as are outside India and the States as well as other territories as are willing to be constitut -ed into the independent sovereign India, shall be a Union of them all .
Read 4 tweets

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