✅ UPSC Prelims GS-1 2025 Complete Paper

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📍Polity Mindmaps for UPSC Prelims 2025

Chapter-1

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IAS Topper Aditya Srivastava CSE AIR-1

Essay Mock Test Copy 👇

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🔆Important History keywords

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Tamil Nadu History Book 11th and 12th All Maps Compilations

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🚨 Trick to Remember the Five Years Plan

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Science And Technology Notes For UPSC Prelims

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Biology Short Notes

Useful for all the exams

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■ INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.

#interiorofearth

◇ The interior of the earth is made up of several concentric layers of which the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core are significant because of their unique physical and chemical properties.

◇ The crust… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… ■ THE CRUST

#interiorofearth

◇ The crust is the outermost layer of the earth making up 0.5-1.0 per cent of the earth’s volume and less than 1 per cent of Earth’s mass.

◇ Density increases with depth, and the average density is about 2.7 g/cm3 (average density of the earth… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

History Important Key Words
Very Important For UPSC CSE Prelims 🔥

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🔺️ SWARAN SINGH COMMITTEE.

#Fundamentalduties

1. In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). 2. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.

3. It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.

Important Articles Of Indian Constitution

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Types of Earthquake Tectonic Earthquakes :-
They are the most popular earthquakes observed all over the world, these are generated due to the sliding of Rocks along a fault plane.

🔺️ CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT

#Federalsystem

1. Political scientists have classified governments into unitary and federal on the basis of the nature of relations between the national government and the regional governments. 2. Unitary government - all the powers are vested in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their authority from the national government.

3. Federal government - powers are divided between the national government and the regional

🔺️ REASONS FOR ADOPTING PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

1. Familiarity with the System

The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the British rule.

2. Preference to More Responsibility The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to more stability.’

3. Need to Avoid Legislative–Executive Conflicts

The framers of the Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between

Modern History Important Dates and Events 👇👇

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🔆India’s Nuclear Power Programme
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world) Besides India has limited availability of Uranium reserves (about 2% of the world’s uranium reserves)

✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.

◾ FEATURES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS [ PART - 1]
#Fundamentalrights
1. Some of them are available only to the citizens while others are available to all persons whether citizens, foreigners or legal persons like corporations or companies. 2. They are not absolute but qualified. The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them. However, whether such restrictions are reasonable or not is to be decided by the courts.
3. Thus, they strike a balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society

■ MINOR COMMITTEE
#Constituentassembly
◇ Finance and Staff Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Credentials Committee - Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar.
◇ House Committee - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Order of Business Committee - Dr. K.M. Munshi. ◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly - G.V. Mavalankar.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly Member).

■ MAJOR COMMITTEES OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
#Constituentassembly
◇ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◇ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ◇ Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.
□ This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
• Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee

■ CHANGES BY THE INDEPENDENT ACT

#Constituentassembly

◇ On April 28, 1947, representatives of the six states were part of the Assembly. After the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947, for the partition of the country, the
representatives of most of the other princely states took their seats in the Assembly.
◇ The Indian Independence Act of 1947 made the following three changes in the position of the Assembly:
• The Assembly was made a fully sovereign body, which could frame any Constitution it pleased.