The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the British rule.
2. Preference to More Responsibility
The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to more stability.’
3. Need to Avoid Legislative–Executive Conflicts
The framers of the Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between
the legislature and the executive which are bound to occur in the presidential system prevalent in USA.
4. Nature of Indian Society
• India is one of the most heterogeneous States and most complex plural societies in the world.
• Hence, the Constitution-makers
adopted the parliamentary system as it offers greater scope for giving representation to various section, interests and regions in the government.
1. In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
2. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
3. It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
4. The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and
enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
5. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
Tectonic Earthquakes :-
They are the most popular earthquakes observed all over the world, these are generated due to the sliding of Rocks along a fault plane.
Volcanic Earthquakes:-
An exceptional class of tectonic earthquakes is sometimes recognized as a volcanic earthquake. However, these are restricted to areas of active volcanoes.
1. Political scientists have classified governments into unitary and federal on the basis of the nature of relations between the national government and the regional governments.
2. Unitary government - all the powers are vested in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their authority from the national government.
3. Federal government - powers are divided between the national government and the regional
governments by the Constitution itself and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently.
4. Britain, France, Japan, China, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain and so on have the unitary model of government while the US, Switzerland,
🔆India’s Nuclear Power Programme
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world)
Besides India has limited availability of Uranium reserves (about 2% of the world’s uranium reserves)
✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.
🔰U-235 being fissile sets up the chain reaction and U-238 being non-fissile gets converted to Pu-239 as a byproduct (spent fuel)
✅2nd Stage
🔰Fast Breeder Reactors are primarily based on Plutonium.