1. Political scientists have classified governments into unitary and federal on the basis of the nature of relations between the national government and the regional governments.
2. Unitary government - all the powers are vested in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their authority from the national government.
3. Federal government - powers are divided between the national government and the regional
governments by the Constitution itself and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently.
4. Britain, France, Japan, China, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain and so on have the unitary model of government while the US, Switzerland,
Australia, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and so on have the federal model of government
1. In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
2. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
3. It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
4. The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and
enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
5. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
Tectonic Earthquakes :-
They are the most popular earthquakes observed all over the world, these are generated due to the sliding of Rocks along a fault plane.
Volcanic Earthquakes:-
An exceptional class of tectonic earthquakes is sometimes recognized as a volcanic earthquake. However, these are restricted to areas of active volcanoes.
🔆India’s Nuclear Power Programme
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world)
Besides India has limited availability of Uranium reserves (about 2% of the world’s uranium reserves)
✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.
🔰U-235 being fissile sets up the chain reaction and U-238 being non-fissile gets converted to Pu-239 as a byproduct (spent fuel)
✅2nd Stage
🔰Fast Breeder Reactors are primarily based on Plutonium.