Thread by @thejohnlegg

December 26, 2022 is the 160th Anniversary of the largest mass execution in U.S. history. May we remember the 38 Dakota men hanged as an outcome of American expansion and empire. Below I will list their names in remembrance. After, you will find resources to learn more. #Dakota38

The ledger art image comes from Travis Blackbird. You can find his information here:

instagram.com/travisblackbir…

Before we list the names, may we remember the Dakota people that also faced confinement, removal, harassment, and violence before, during, and after the Dakota War. An important part of understanding U.S. History that's almost always elided in textbooks and public memory.

1. Ta-he-do-ne-cha, (One who forbids his house.)
2. Plan-doo-ta, (Red Otter.)
3. Wy-a-tah-ta-wa, (His People.)
4. Hin-hau-shoon-ko-yag-ma-ne, (One who walks clothed in an Owl's Tail.)
5. Ma-za-bom-doo, (Iron Blower.)
6. Wak-pa-doo-ta, (Red Leaf.)

7. Wa-he-hua, _____.
8. Sua-ma-ne, (Tinkling Walker.)
9. Ta-tay-me-ma, (Round Wind) -- respited.
10. Rda-in-yan-ka, (Rattling Runner.)
11. Doo-wau-sa, (The Singer.)
12. Ha-pau, (Second child of a son.)

13. Shoon-ka-ska, (White Dog.)
14. Toon-kau-e-cha-tag-ma-ne, (One who walks by his Grandfather.)
15. E-tay-doo-tay, (Red Face.)
16. Am-da-cha, (Broken to Pieces.)
17. Hay-pe-pau, (Third child of a son.)
18. Mah-pe-o-ke-na-jui, (Who stands on the Clouds.)

19. Harry Milord, (mixed ancestry.)
20. Chas-kay-dau, (First born of a son.)
21. Baptiste Campbell, _____.
22. Ta-ta-ka-gay, (Wind Maker.)
23. Hay-pin-kpa, (The Tips of the Horn.)
24. Hypolite Auge, (mixed ancestry)
25. Ka-pay-shue, (One who does not Flee.)

26. Wa-kau-tau-ka, (Great Spirit.)
27. Toon-kau-ko-yag-e-na-jui, (One who stands clothed with his Grandfather.)
28. Wa-ka-ta-e-na-jui, (One who stands on the earth.)
29. Pa-za-koo-tay-ma-ne, (One who walks prepared to shoot.)

30. Ta-tay-hde-dau, (Wind comes home.)
31. Wa-she-choon, (Frenchman.)
32. A-c-cha-ga, (To grow upon.)
33. Ho-tan-in-koo, (Voice that appears coming.)
34. Khay-tan-hoon-ka, (The Parent Hawk.)

35. Chau-ka-hda, (Near the Wood.)
36 Hda-hin-hday, (To make a rattling voice.)
37. O-ya-tay-a-kee, (The Coming People.)
38. Ma-hoo-way-ma, (He comes for me.)
39. Wa-kin-yan-wa, (Little Thunder.)

A thirty-ninth Dakota man was reprieved at the last moment before the execution. But many other Dakota entered periods of confinement in US Army prison camps in Minnesota and other places throughout the Midwest, like Davenport, Iowa.

This execution was not the end of the Dakota War, despite what white Minnesotans believed. The war continued for three more years as the U.S. Army pursued Dakota, moving west into Dakota Territory and north into Canada.

The experience at reservations, soon after this forced removal, was not good either. At various reservations, the Dakota faced starvation, mistreatment, and sickness due to mismanagement by the Office of Indian Affairs and the U.S. government.

Despite all of this, let us remember that the Dakota people survived. Despite efforts by white Americans in the nineteenth century to erase them or hide them away, the Dakota people (of all different communities) resisted, survived, and persisted.

Every year, Dakota people ride from South Dakota to Mankato, Minnesota, to remember their relatives. They arrive today to honor the Dakota 38. Every September, too, the Dakota host the Mahkato Wacipi to honor the Dakota 38 men and others lost in the Dakota War and its aftermath.

Some important books to read by Dakota scholars:

Gwen Westerman and Bruce White, Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota
Waziyatawin, In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors
Keep an eye out for @JimmySkuya's scholarship. Follow him and pay attention to his work.

Also, take a listen to "Little War on the Prairie," from @ThisAmerLife, that includes Gwen Westerman's telling of the U.S.-Dakota War and her own family's connection to it and its legacy.

thisamericanlife.org/479/little-war…

The Minnesota Historical Society has a great digital platform that offers the basic history of the Dakota War. While it needs some updating and additions, it's a good starting point. I highly recommend looking at the Dakota oral histories.
usdakotawar.org

My MA thesis, "Unforgetting the Dakota 38":

vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/9…

Rick Lybeck, Critical Social Justice Education and the Assault on Truth in White Public Pedagogy
The US-Dakota War Re-Examined

google.com/books/edition/…

@AriKelman's got a new chapter in the book, Indian Cities, edited by Kent Blansett, @CathleenDCahill, @A_NeedhamNYU, on Mankato and the Dakota War in connection to the Civil War.

google.com/books/edition/…

"Dakota Uprooted" published in the @acthistreview.

activisthistory.com/2019/06/10/dak…

Mankato’s Hanging Monument Excluded Indigenous Perspectives when it was Erected and when it was Removed

historynewsnetwork.org/article/176566

CROSSING BORDERS AS REFUGEES: A COMPARISON OF DAKOTA AND POLES, with @niels_eichhorn.

journalofthecivilwarera.org/2022/07/crossi…

"BRINGING PEACE AFTER DESTRUCTION: CIVIL WAR ERA MONUMENTS AND THE MEMORY OF THE U.S.-DAKOTA WAR OF 1862"

journalofthecivilwarera.org/2018/09/bringi…