Marx on books: he defined himself "a machine condemned to devour books and then throw them, in a changed form, on the dunghill of history"
He used to say: "books are my slaves & must serve me as I wish". They were not treated as luxury items but as essential tools of learning 1/3
#Marx would turn down the corners of the pages, make pencil marks in the margin and underline lines. He never wrote on books, but sometimes he added an exclamation mark when the author went too far. His system of underlining made it easy for him to find any passage he needed 2/3
His library consisted of an impenetrable row of shelves that hid the walls & housed more books than one would have thought possible. The largest section was on economics but there were many classics of politics history & philosophy. Natural sciences were also well represented 3/3
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
Diferentes interpretaciones del concepto de alienación: 1. En La sociedad de consumo (1970) Baudrillard identificó el consumo como el factor principal del capitalismo. Para él, la publicidad crea necesidades espurias y consenso de masas. Genera una "era de alienación radical" 1/4
2. En La sociedad del espectáculo (1967) Debord escribió q la alienación llegó a tal grado que se convirtió en una experiencia loca para los individuos: un nuevo opio que llevó a la gente a consumir, "identificarse con las imágenes dominantes" y alejarse de su existencia real 2/4
3. Los sociólogos americanos trataron la alienación como un problema del individuo, no de las relaciones sociales. La búsqueda de soluciones se centró en la capacidad de los individuos para ajustarse al orden existente, no en las prácticas colectivas para cambiar la sociedad 3/4
Different interpretations of the concept of alienation: 1. In The Consumer Society (1970) Baudrillard identified consumption as the primary factor in modern society. For him advertising & opinion polls create spurious needs and mass consensus – an ‘age of radical alienation’ 1/4
2. In The Society of the Spectacle (1967) Debord’s wrote that alienation reached such a degree that became an exciting experience for individuals: a new opium that led people to consume, ‘identify with the dominant images’ & move away from their own desires and real existence 2/4
3. Mainstream North-American sociologists treated alienation as a problem of the individual human being, not of social relations, and the search for solutions centred on the capacity of individuals to adjust to the existing order, not on collective practices to change society 3/4
Para Marx el capitalismo representa engañosamente "la ciencia como propiedad del capital". La maquinaria -comprada con el trabajo no remunerado d los obreros- es "presentada como ciencia ajena externa al trabajador". Con la tecnología "el trabajador se presenta como superfluo"1/4
"Por tanto, es una afirmación burguesa muy absurda q el trabajador tenga intereses comunes con el capitalista porque este último haga su trabajo más corto y fácil". Marx explicó: "el capital reduce involuntariamente el trabajo humano al mínimo" sólo para aumentar su beneficio 2/4
En los "Grundrisse" (1857-58), Marx escribió que el trabajo "se transfiere del trabajador al capital en forma de máquina" y, en consecuencia, el trabajo se devalúa: "lo que era la actividad del trabajador vivo se convierte en la actividad de la máquina" 3/4
For Marx capitalism deceptively represents "science as the property of capital". Machinery -bought with the unpaid labor of workers- is "presented as someone else's science, external to the worker". With the development of technology, "the worker is presented as superfluous". 1/4
“It is therefore a highly absurd bourgeois assertion that the worker have common interests with the capitalist because the latter makes his labour shorter and easier”. Marx explained that "capital unintentionally reduces human labour to a minimum" only to increase its profit. 2/4
In the "Grundrisse" (1857-58), Marx wrote that work "is transferred from the worker to capital in the form of the machine" and, consequently, labor is devalued: "what was the living worker's activity becomes the activity of the machine". 3/4