Prof Lennart Nacke, PhD Profile picture
Dec 31, 2022 25 tweets 3 min read Read on X
I learned 22 academic writing lessons the hard way.

Here they are to celebrate the end of 2022: ↓
But why listen to me?

- Built an online writing course for #chi2023 authors in 2022

- Have taught this writing course for 6+ years at conferences and other venues

- Over 27,000 citations to my research

- Publish 3+ papers every year at high-impact HCI venues
Alright, here we go.

Lesson 1

🔴 Academic writing isn't just about publishing.

🟢 Academic writing is a way to share your knowledge with the world.
Lesson 2

🔴 Only the accuracy and facts of your writing matter.

🟢 The clarity and precision of your writing reflect the depth of your thinking.
Lesson 3

🔴 Never challenge existing facts and conventional wisdom.

🟢 Don't be afraid to challenge conventional wisdom in your writing.
Lesson 4

🔴 Every insight comes from existing literature.

🟢 Every research question is an opportunity for new insights.
Lesson 5

🔴 You have to get your writing right the first time you submit.

🟢 Effective academic writing involves ongoing revision and improvement.
Lesson 6

🔴 The best academic writing is driven by format and impassionate writing style.

🟢 The best academic writing is driven by curiosity and a desire to make a difference.
Lesson 7

🔴 You write for your peers to build on your research.

🟢 Your writing should be accessible to a broad audience.
Lesson 8

🔴 You should use exotic terminology to make yourself sound brilliant.

🟢 Your writing should be clear and concise, not verbose or jargon-filled.
Lesson 9

🔴 Effective academic writing needs time crunch and a deadline.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires discipline and focus.
Lesson 10

🔴 Your writing should shake up existing content structures.

🟢 Your writing should be well-organized and logical, following the IMRD (introduction, methods, results, discussion) structure.
Lesson 11

🔴 You can frame your evidence even with non-credible sources.

🟢 Your writing should be supported by evidence and credible sources.
Lesson 12

🔴 You can water down all of your ideas to the basics.

🟢 The structure of your writing should reflect the complexity of your ideas.
Lesson 13

🔴 You don't need to proofread your manuscript, just get it done and submitted.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires careful proofreading & editing.
Lesson 14

🔴 Your results can just confirm existing research.

🟢 Maybe, but your writing should contribute something new to the conversation.
Lesson 15

🔴 Language does not matter as much as content.

🟢 The language you use in your writing should be appropriate, active, and professional.
Lesson 16

🔴 Great results require hyperbolic writing to state the importance.

🟢 The tone of your writing should be respectful and unbiased.
Lesson 17

🔴 You can always catch your mistakes in the camera-ready version.

🟢 Your writing should be free of errors and mistakes as much as possible for the first submission.
Lesson 18

🔴 You can write using the same style for different disciplines and fields.

🟢 Your writing style should be appropriate for your audience and purpose.
Lesson 19

🔴 Effective academic writing is not creative.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires a balance between formality and creativity.
Lesson 20

🔴 Your writing should just be formal.

🟢 Your writing should be engaging and inspiring.
Lesson 21

🔴 Writing is done alone.

🟢 Writing is a collaborative effort that involves feedback and input from others.
Lesson 22

🔴 Your writing should not have personality.

🟢 Your writing should reflect your passion and dedication to your field.
That's a wrap. Thanks for your time.

If you liked this, give it a RT and follow me @acagamic to learn more about games, UX research, and writing.

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More from @acagamic

Nov 26
Most research questions fail before the study even begins.

The problem isn't finding gaps.
It's proving why gaps matter.

After publishing 300+ papers and supervising dozens of PhDs,
I've seen the same mistakes over and over.

Most researchers get this wrong:
The So What? Test:

Your RQ must answer one question:
Why should anyone care?

If you can't explain the real-world benefit in one sentence,
your question isn't ready.

Significance isn't optional.

It's the foundation.
Gap vs. Contribution

Finding a research gap isn't enough.
Anyone can spot missing research.

The real skill?
Showing why filling that gap actually matters to your field.

Gap = what's missing
Contribution = why it matters
Read 10 tweets
Nov 25
Most researchers waste months on a systematic review

(when a rapid review would have been good enough.)

Two review types. Same question.
Completely different amount of work.

According to this paper, 14 literature review types exist.

If you get started, focus on 2 main types: Table listing 14 literature review types with descriptions and columns for methods: search, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis.
Run a systematic review when you’re shaping guidelines.
Use a rapid review when leadership wants an answer this quarter.

Systematic reviews:

• Multi-database + grey literature search, no date limits
• Typically used for guidelines or high-stakes decisions
• Dual screening + full critical appraisal, validated tools
• In-depth narrative synthesis to explain heterogeneity
• Detailed evidence tables, if possible, meta-analysis
• Formal, pre-registered protocol (e.g. PROSPERO)
Rapid reviews:

• Typically used for time-sensitive service (1–6 months)
• Output a short decision brief, slide deck, or summary
• High-level narrative summary with minimal detail
• Focused search (fewer databases, tighter limits)
• Single-reviewer screening with spot checks
• Streamlined or internal-only protocol
Read 8 tweets
Nov 19
Google just killed keyword search

But most researchers haven’t noticed yet.

That's a mistake.
The era of guessing keywords is over.

Google released Gemini 3 yesterday and it's amazing.

But Scholar Labs changes how gaps are discovered. Website mockup showing a Google Scholar Labs interface with Gemini 3 logo, a semantic search query about hydrogen cars, AI summaries and session search history.
Conceptual search is taking its place.

Here are 5 ways Scholar Labs beats traditional literature searches:

1. You search concepts, not keywords

Traditional search = “caffeine and memory.”
Conceptual search =
• caffeine consumption
• short-term memory mechanisms
• age variations

One search. Three dimensions. Better results.
2. Context comes built-in

Every paper comes with an explanation of how it answers your question.

No more reading 30 abstracts to find 3 relevant papers.
Quick summaries get you sorted.
Read 9 tweets
Nov 14
Most academics stare at blank pages for hours.

They wait for clarity before writing.

They check email first.

They convince themselves they need more research.

All wrong.

Writing creates clarity. Not the other way around.

Here's the 20-minute routine that fixes this...
Step 1: Write 3 sentences in 2 minutes

Problem:
What needs solving?

Gap:
What's missing in current research?

Contribution:
What will your work add?

Don't edit. Don't perfect.
Just get these three on the page.

This anchors everything that follows.

But here's where most people quit...
Step 2: Freewrite for 10 minutes on one subsection

Pick any part of your paper:

Introduction.
Methods.

One paragraph of results.

Write without stopping.
Don't delete. Don't fix grammar.

The goal isn't good writing.
It's getting your thinking out of your head and onto the page.

Once you have raw material, then...
Read 7 tweets
Nov 12
Research objectives are promises.

Vague promises signal amateur planning.
So, don't wonder why reviewers reject them.

After reviewing 100+ proposals,
I built a 5-question validator
that eliminates weak objectives.

Here's the framework:
The Real Problem:

Weak objectives hide behind vague language.

→ "Use mixed methods approach"
→ "Throughout the project"
→ "Fill a gap in literature"

These phrases signal amateur planning.

Reviewers spot them instantly.
Question 1: Why does this matter?

Weak: "Fill a gap in literature"
Strong: "Solves X problem affecting Y people"

The difference?

Weak answers describe process.
Strong answers quantify impact.
Read 9 tweets
Nov 3
After reviewing almost 100 papers for CHI,

I've noticed awesome research get killed on page 1.

Your paper has 8,000+ words.
Reviewers spend < 3 minutes to form an impression.

If they can't see why your work matters,
how you proved it, and what changes.

They reject it.

Most papers try to prove everything.
Everywhere.

Here's the 3R framework that wins best paper awards:The three Rs.
Every section serves ONE purpose:

Relevance: Why this study matters now.
Reasoning: How you built and tested it.
Resolution: What changes from your work.

Never all three at once.
Relevance = Your Introduction

Your intro answers one question:
Why should anyone care RIGHT NOW?

Not "this topic is important."
Not "previous research suggests."

The gap + problem that make your study urgent.
Read 11 tweets

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