Prof Lennart Nacke, PhD Profile picture
Dec 31, 2022 25 tweets 3 min read Read on X
I learned 22 academic writing lessons the hard way.

Here they are to celebrate the end of 2022: ↓
But why listen to me?

- Built an online writing course for #chi2023 authors in 2022

- Have taught this writing course for 6+ years at conferences and other venues

- Over 27,000 citations to my research

- Publish 3+ papers every year at high-impact HCI venues
Alright, here we go.

Lesson 1

🔴 Academic writing isn't just about publishing.

🟢 Academic writing is a way to share your knowledge with the world.
Lesson 2

🔴 Only the accuracy and facts of your writing matter.

🟢 The clarity and precision of your writing reflect the depth of your thinking.
Lesson 3

🔴 Never challenge existing facts and conventional wisdom.

🟢 Don't be afraid to challenge conventional wisdom in your writing.
Lesson 4

🔴 Every insight comes from existing literature.

🟢 Every research question is an opportunity for new insights.
Lesson 5

🔴 You have to get your writing right the first time you submit.

🟢 Effective academic writing involves ongoing revision and improvement.
Lesson 6

🔴 The best academic writing is driven by format and impassionate writing style.

🟢 The best academic writing is driven by curiosity and a desire to make a difference.
Lesson 7

🔴 You write for your peers to build on your research.

🟢 Your writing should be accessible to a broad audience.
Lesson 8

🔴 You should use exotic terminology to make yourself sound brilliant.

🟢 Your writing should be clear and concise, not verbose or jargon-filled.
Lesson 9

🔴 Effective academic writing needs time crunch and a deadline.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires discipline and focus.
Lesson 10

🔴 Your writing should shake up existing content structures.

🟢 Your writing should be well-organized and logical, following the IMRD (introduction, methods, results, discussion) structure.
Lesson 11

🔴 You can frame your evidence even with non-credible sources.

🟢 Your writing should be supported by evidence and credible sources.
Lesson 12

🔴 You can water down all of your ideas to the basics.

🟢 The structure of your writing should reflect the complexity of your ideas.
Lesson 13

🔴 You don't need to proofread your manuscript, just get it done and submitted.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires careful proofreading & editing.
Lesson 14

🔴 Your results can just confirm existing research.

🟢 Maybe, but your writing should contribute something new to the conversation.
Lesson 15

🔴 Language does not matter as much as content.

🟢 The language you use in your writing should be appropriate, active, and professional.
Lesson 16

🔴 Great results require hyperbolic writing to state the importance.

🟢 The tone of your writing should be respectful and unbiased.
Lesson 17

🔴 You can always catch your mistakes in the camera-ready version.

🟢 Your writing should be free of errors and mistakes as much as possible for the first submission.
Lesson 18

🔴 You can write using the same style for different disciplines and fields.

🟢 Your writing style should be appropriate for your audience and purpose.
Lesson 19

🔴 Effective academic writing is not creative.

🟢 Effective academic writing requires a balance between formality and creativity.
Lesson 20

🔴 Your writing should just be formal.

🟢 Your writing should be engaging and inspiring.
Lesson 21

🔴 Writing is done alone.

🟢 Writing is a collaborative effort that involves feedback and input from others.
Lesson 22

🔴 Your writing should not have personality.

🟢 Your writing should reflect your passion and dedication to your field.
That's a wrap. Thanks for your time.

If you liked this, give it a RT and follow me @acagamic to learn more about games, UX research, and writing.

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More from @acagamic

Nov 13
Most researchers make a critical mistake in their methods section that instantly signals 'amateur' to reviewers. It's so common that I see it in 7 out of 10 papers, yet so simple to fix...

Delay writing your Methods section.

Spend time owning your research process first: 8 steps to a great methods section.
By answering 4 questions:

• What problem did you solve?
• For whom did you solve it?
• Why did this problem need solving?
• How did you solve it effectively?

Get comfortable thinking through each:

Think through your research design
Think through your ethical choices
Think through your data collection
Think through your analysis steps
Think through your limitations

Write down specific answers for each.

And if you have unclear answers:

→ Take time to better understand
Then, write Methods section in 8 steps:
(with the information needed in it)

1. Start with your "why"

Remind readers briefly what problem you solved
Link your methods directly to your research question
(No one cares about methods without context)

2. Pick your approach

Choose qualitative, quantitative, or mixed
Match it to your research goals
Clarify why THIS approach

3. Decode unusual methods

Got a unique approach? Explain it
Defend why you picked it
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Nov 11
Every groundbreaking discovery in science started with someone willing to challenge their own assumptions. Your next literature review could be the one that changes everything.

Your academic work needs to fight confirmation bias.

It's blocking you from great research.

And it's easier to fix than you think.

Here's how to destroy confirmation bias in your research:Image
1. Plan before you search

→ Write your research questions
→ Define inclusion criteria
→ List your search terms
→ Pick your databases

2. Document everything

→ All search strings used
→ Every database checked
→ Number of results found
→ Selection decisions made

3. Remove author identity

→ Code your studies
→ Hide author names
→ Mask institutions
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4. Use two reviewers

→ Independent assessments
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→ Discuss differences
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Don't trust your first instinct.

Your assumptions should be challenged most
when you assume they cannot be challenged.

The choices you question, question the choices you make.

Good research starts with honesty.
Bad research ends with lies.

Confirmation to evidence.
Certainty to suspicion.
Source to citation.

Proof not belief.
Read 4 tweets
Oct 23
Most PhD students fail at research questions.

(I used to be one of them)

See, back when I started my research journey, I thought coming up with research questions was pure luck.

Just throw something at the wall and hope it sticks.

Wrong.

Here’s the step-by-step breakdown: 4 steps to building a research question infographic
1. Define the broad topic area of research

Start broad.

In just one or two sentences, outline the general area you’re interested in.

(Example: “User interaction in virtual reality environments.”)

This sets the stage for deeper investigation.
2. Describe the problem to address here

Now, narrow down.

Identify a specific issue within your broad topic that demands attention.

(Example: “Users often experience motion sickness during extended VR sessions due to disorientation.”)

Show the real problem.
Read 7 tweets
Oct 22
Stop writing academic papers like a robot.

Tell stories instead.

Most academic writing puts people to sleep.

But it doesn't have to.

Academic storytelling changes everything.

Here's why it works: 5 academic storytelling techniques
→ Builds emotional connection
→ Creates memorable content
→ Makes complex ideas clear
→ Keeps readers engaged
→ Drives more citations

Yet most academics fail at storytelling.

So I broke it down into 5 simple techniques:
1. Sustain a compelling narrative

Don't just sprinkle anecdotes.
Weave a cohesive story.

Create
• Suspense
• A narrative arc
• A sense of progression

Keep your readers hooked until the very end.
Read 10 tweets
Oct 17
How I turned a 50-page literature review into a concise 10-page masterpiece using 9 simple questions:

Most researchers get lost in endless summaries.
They miss the big picture.

But there's a simple framework to fix this.

I call it the 9-Question Literature Review Framework: Flowchart of the 9 literature review question framework.
1. What has been done?
2. What were the hypotheses?
3. What were the research questions?
4. How was the work done?
5. When was it done?
6. Who did it?
7. What were the main findings?
8. What were the conclusions?
9. What should be done next?

This framework helps you:

• Organize your thoughts
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Here's how to use it:

1. Ask these questions for each relevant study
2. Organize answers into themes
3. Identify patterns and contradictions
4. Spot gaps in current research

The result?

A focused, insightful literature review that adds value to your field.
Read 5 tweets
Oct 15
Feel like giving up on research proposals? (Read this, please)
Back in my early career, I lost two grant applications.

In my PhD, I nearly quit academic writing altogether.

I almost gave up on research. Twice.

But as Associate Professor, something shifted. 3 things, actually: Content of the SHARP research proposal.
1. Proposal structure → without compromise

I committed to using a foolproof outline for every proposal:

Title Page → Your research's first impression
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Abstract → Your research in a nutshell
Introduction → Set the stage and state your case
Methodology → Your research blueprint
Operational Planning → Show you can execute
Appendices → Support your proposal

I viewed it as honing my research skills. Consistently.
(the next one flipped the script)
Read 11 tweets

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