Prof Lennart Nacke, PhD Profile picture
I share effective strategies for better research + writing (often with AI). 34k+ citations of my research. University Research Chair & Tenured Full Professor.
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Jul 19 5 tweets 2 min read
I mastered academic writing 3 years into my PhD.

My hidden ingredient is a compelling claim.

I don't:

• write unfocused arguments.
• present obvious or uncontroversial ideas.
• rehash existing knowledge without insight.
• make sweeping generalizations without evidence. Mindmap for: What is a claim? Based on the Odegaard Writing & Research Center, adapted from UW Expository Writing Program handouts Instead:

• I craft claims that define clear goals and directions for my papers.
• I ensure my claims are argumentative, taking a specific stance.
• I support my claims with robust evidence and expert opinions.
• I make my claims complex enough to sustain an entire paper.
Jul 17 8 tweets 2 min read
Since finishing my PhD, I've published 200+ high-impact papers.

So here's a quick PhD Publishing Masterclass:

(I know, some Universities charge crazy tuition for this) 1. Nail your literature review → comprehensiveness and critical analysis.
A review that's "exhaustive" creates context.
Therefore, it's easily defensible.

Most researchers list papers, not synthesize knowledge.
Jun 13 6 tweets 1 min read
How I mastered explaining my reasoning in research papers

3 insider secrets to crafting compelling conclusions 1. Distill deductive paragraphs

Begin with a topic sentence.
Summarize a key data trend.
Support it with specific data.

Link the trend to readers' goals.
Prioritize key conclusions in topic sentences.
Guide readers through your thought process.

Construct your deduction.
Jun 12 11 tweets 2 min read
Struggling to make sense of research papers?

I got to the secrets of research papers by reading them with this approach

9 essential steps every researcher must know: Overview of 9 steps to reading a paper well. They are listed below. 1. Set a reading purpose

Clarify why you're reading the paper.
Is it assigned to you for a review?
Or relevant to your research?

Your purpose guides your approach.
Jun 8 11 tweets 2 min read
Drowning in papers?

Use this 7-step method to find your PhD research gap!

The PhD literature mapping blueprint Example of a literature map for a specific research question. Credit: KRISTA SINISCARSO 1. Define your research area

Pinpoint specific topics of interest.
Identify your broad field of study.
Clarity is crucial.

Be cautious when selecting your field of study.
May 14 11 tweets 2 min read
How I craft compelling research stories that editors love

The ultimate guide to creating a persuasive research narrative: Narrative paper flow structure. 1. Identify a critical problem

Be targeted.
Be focused.
Be specific.

Show a significant challenge in your field.
May 13 9 tweets 2 min read
I've been advised to avoid the phrase:

"No previous studies have investigated..."

It's a cheap hook to claim the value of your study.

Here are 5 approaches I use in my writing instead: 1. Emphasize the research novelty

Don't focus on the absence of previous research.
Claim the originality of your proposed research.

Example:
"This study proposes a unique approach to [topic] building on [X] theories. We introduce a new methodology to address [specific gaps]."
May 9 10 tweets 2 min read
Focusing ONLY on the research is a recipe for publication failure.

How I stay prolific as an author
(even when the first draft feels impossible).

7 essential habits of successful academic authors Mindmap of 7 essential publication habits 1. Define your research's impact

How does this research affect my community?
What's my pitch for this?
Is my study original?

Knowing the contribution is vital.

1. Clarify novelty
2. Craft summary
3. Ensure relevance to scientific discourse

Explain why your research matters.
May 7 7 tweets 2 min read
Ace your lit review with this one insight:

Never summarize previous research without critical analysis

Steal my blueprint for a better literature review: Mind map of the 5 tips to avoid just summarizing previous research in your literature review. 1. Identify patterns and themes

Find divergences across studies.
And search for commonalities.
Synthesize findings.

Reveal overarching trends and debates.
May 5 10 tweets 2 min read
I want to read clear, concise, compelling papers.

The secret way to produce them is revision.

7 revision tips to go from messy draft to polished paper: 1. Work section by section

Focus on one part of the paper at a time.
Save the introduction and conclusion for last.
Tackle the whole only when the parts are solid.

Focus on completing one section at a time.
May 4 13 tweets 2 min read
I believed these 11 lies about literature reviews until I knew better

Don't let these myths hold you back.

The honest truth about literature reviews 🗣️ "A literature review is just a summary of sources"

Nope.

✅ It's a critical analysis that synthesizes ideas and identifies gaps.

Summarize, synthesize, scrutinize.
Apr 30 12 tweets 4 min read
How to find the research that matters most to your study
(without getting lost in the literature)

Steal my process for identifying the most relevant studies: 1. Define your research question

Identify key variables.
Clarify your objectives.
Recognize relationships.

Use PICO to craft pinpoint questions.
Articulate what you want to find out.
No strict structure for all questions.

Clarify the main focus of your research. Circle describing strong research questions as specific, feasible, original, relevant, complex, arguable, researchable, focused.
Apr 28 10 tweets 2 min read
I cut my systematic review time in half with these tools.

5 underrated tools for literature reviews. 1. Covidence

From importing studies to screening, data extraction, quality assessment.
This web-based platform designed specifically for systematic reviews
Lets you manage every step.

Collaborate with your team in real-time.
Apr 25 10 tweets 2 min read
Struggling to find a unique angle for your research?

The key to groundbreaking research is in its gaps

7 types of research gaps every scholar should know A table showing the research gaps and their definitions: Evidence Gap. Results from studies allow for conclusions in their own right, but are contradictory when examined from a more abstract point of view. Knowledge Gap. Desired research findings do not exist. Practical-Knowledge Gap. Professional behaviour or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by research. Methodological Gap. A variation of research methods is necessary to generate new insights or to avoid distorted findings. Empirical Gap. Research findings or propositions must be evaluated or empirically verified... 1. Contradictory Evidence Gap

When studies yield conflicting conclusions.
It's clear in isolation.
But murky in the bigger picture.

Uncover the truth in the contradictions.
Apr 25 9 tweets 2 min read
Feeling lost in your new research field?

You don't have to know everything to excel in your PhD.

Here's how: 1. Start with a Broad Brush

Don't try to read everything at once.

Begin with:

• Overview articles
• Literature reviews
• Core textbooks in your field

Get a sense of the big picture before diving into specifics.
Apr 18 14 tweets 2 min read
Steal my evidence check-up toolkit for systematic reviews!

A systematic review is only as good as its appraisal tools.

11 check-up tools every systematic reviewer should know: 1. Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool

The gold standard for bias assessment in RCTs.

RoB2 builds on the original tool.
More structured.
Use it instead.

Covers:

• Reporting bias
• Performance
• Detection
• Selection
• Attrition

Essential for any review, especially RCTs.
Apr 16 14 tweets 3 min read
My systematic literature reviews used to lack credibility.

But this all changed when I started doing this...

Critical strategies for transparent lit review reporting: 1. Use Reporting Checklists

Tailor your reporting to the review type.

PRISMA for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
MOOSE for meta-analyses of observational studies.
CONSORT for randomized controlled trials.

These checklists are your transparency roadmap.
Apr 10 12 tweets 2 min read
How I silenced the "your n is too small" critics

A manifesto for defending qualitative research

Qualitative researchers face criticism about small sample sizes.

Here's how to address these concerns effectively: Panel labelled How to defend the power of your in-depth qualitative research. A comic version of a research prof says: "A single in-depth interview changed the trajectory of my entire research project" 1. Understand the context of the critique

Is the person questioning the value of
• Small samples
• Generalizability
• Data saturation?

Clarify their specific concerns before responding.

The obsession with large sample sizes stifles innovation in research.
Apr 6 9 tweets 2 min read
I discovered the secret to captivating academic writing:

Academic storytelling.

5 storytelling techniques to master the art: A comic with the title: How to make your academic writing read like a bestseller: Tell a research story. 1. Sustain a compelling narrative

Don't just sprinkle anecdotes.
Weave a cohesive story.

Create
• Suspense
• A narrative arc
• A sense of progression

Keep your readers hooked until the very end.
Mar 31 11 tweets 3 min read
My data's strong, but my paper's weak. 😱

Don't just write; guide your reader.

How to use the PASTOR framework: Illustration: Inside a sunlit Caribbean church with vibrant stained glass windows casting colorful patterns on the floor. An old pastor with gray hair and glasses sits at a wooden desk in the middle. He is deeply engrossed in writing a paper, quill in hand. Around him are tall stacks of weathered books, some open and others closed. Palm trees can be seen through the open windows, swaying gently in the breeze. 1. PROBLEM: Identify the gap

• State a clear gap in existing literature.
• Pinpoint the issue your research tackles.

Be explicit about the problem.

❌ 'This area needs more study.'

✅ 'Current methods fail to address X accurately.'

Vagueness won't cut it.
Clearer = better.
Mar 25 10 tweets 2 min read
Struggling with your paper's method section?

They said it's easy. But you're just stuck.

Here's the secret step-by-step guide to help you ace it: 1. Research Question Reminder

• Remind the reader of your research question or problem.

• Help readers understand the context for the methods you choose.

Show why your methods match your question.