Invocation of nAga-s for rain-inducing rituals is common in the bauddha world & in early shaiva rituals like that preserved in the jayadrathayAmala. However, later it became muted or entirely lost in the H world while continuing in the saugatan sphere. 1 of the earliest surviving
nAga rites for rain-making in the bauddha world is that deploying a mantra known as the mUlamantra. The ritual is said to involve pratiShTha of an image of a nAga followed by the ritual performed by a vidyAdhara for weather control -rain or its modulation in case of an excess.
The roots of the rain-making ritual are mysterious but we posit that they originate from the "water" incantations to ahi budhnya mentioned in the RV itself & also metaphorically but indicated in the taittirIya saMhitA.
nU rodasI ahinA budhnyena
stuvIta devI apyebhir iShTaiH |
samudraM na saMcharaNe saniShyavo
gharmasvaraso nadyo apa vran ||
e.g., from vAmadeva gautama's incantation. The sAgaragambhIre svAhA | in the tAthAgatan mUlamantra is likely a memory of the serpent in the depths of the ocean ~ ahi budhnya
As an aside the boast of the sAkhya overwhelming the vaidika v1 urubilva jaTila kAshyapa involves the former suppressing a nAga in the firehouse of the latter. It could be an allusion to ahi budhnya installed at the gArhapatya upon upasthAna

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More from @blog_supplement

Jan 22
sUkta RV 7.34 is replete with riddles similar to the sUkta of father manu from maNDala 8. We believe the deities riddled in the below R^ik-s are marut-s
uta na eShu nR^iShu shravo dhuH
pra rAye yantu shardhanto aryaH ||
tapanti shatruM svar Na bhUmA
mahAsenAso amebhir eShAm ||
If so, it would present the epithet mahAsena (here in plural) shared with skanda in the singular.
The word mahAsena is a hapax in the R^igveda & practically a hapax across the core vaidika texts (barring the late insertion, the taittirIya AraNyaka skanda-gAyatrI). However, in the mahAbharata it occurs 38 times. The vast majority of occurrences are as an epithet of skanda
Read 4 tweets
Jan 21
👍 I'm glad to have Harappan genetic heritage -- believe it was largely good stuff for the modern urban world. However, beyond that, &some mundane typically Indian food habits, it remains mute behind a veil. What really matters to our identity is IEan in provenance
Being an older person, I can reminisce a bit: Before molecular data 1 really could not be sure of the affinities of the greater Harappan peoples. One could infer, given the obvious phenotypic differences vis-a-vis the Europeans, that they had likely contributed to Indian ancestry
But how & how much was still unclear. Similarly, on the other side, we could not be precise about the timing & the tempo of the Aryan invasion(s) -- massive conquest vs migration vs mere linguistic influence. When the 1st molecular data on extant peoples became available they
Read 21 tweets
Jan 11
A useful exercise in comparative history is to compare the last H empire, that of the marAThA-s, to the Chingizid Mongol empire. While separated in time by several centuries, they had certain similar approaches, problems, and the solutions 1. The issue of succession after the
founder was badly handled among the marAThA but better handled among the Mongols:
manasataramgini.wordpress.com/2018/08/31/a-b…
In the later phase the marAThA-s had relatively good run of the kokanastha prime ministers while the chingizids suffered many succession issues. In some ways the struggle
of raghunAtha rAv & the main line was paralled by Arik Boke, Qaidu and Dua's struggle as counter-Khans with the main line. All in all the Initial succession issues after the Chatrapati's death set back the marAThA-s much more than anything the Mongols faced till Quibilai.
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Jan 11
After IE, the Austronesian language family is another for which a fairly good linguistic history that aligns with other material sources exists. The genetic evidence supports an origin of the expansion that reached NZ & Hawaii on one end & Madagascar
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
on the other in Taiwan. But how did they reach Taiwan. The evidence here adds to the growing body of linguistic & other genetic studies that they emerged in South East Asia in the vicinity of the Tai-Kadai language family. Thus a deep Tai-Kadai-Austronesian connection appears
to be well supported. We don't have such a family for IE, though some have proposed a deep link to Uralic. But the situation there might be more complicated due to the multiple admixtures leading to the earlier IE peoples (Indo-Hittite to be precise) unless we accept the souther
Read 4 tweets
Dec 31, 2022
The pAshupata-tantra is notable in providing a full uddhAra of the famed vyomavyApin mantra. It is mostly thought to be a unique mantra of the saiddhāntika-s. One could argue that the pAshupata-tantra being a late expression of the pAshupata-s borrowed this mantra from the
saiddhAntika-s. However, we believe it emerged among the later pAshupata-s (i.e., subsequent to their Vedic representatives) but prior to the branching off of the streams of the mantra-mArga like the saiddhAntika-s. Our main reasons for holding this view are: 1. Within the
saiddhāntika tradition it is remarkable in showing some diversity suggesting that emerged from the pre-saiddhāntika ``atimArga'' matrix. This means it had already diversified within the prayoga traditions from which the siddhAntAgama-s inherited it. 2. In terms of its structure
Read 8 tweets
Dec 30, 2022
TLDR: A speculative hypothesis: Turkic language originated in the Eastern BMAC populations. Warning: what follows is a long thread on this matter
What was the origin of the Turkic languages? In the early days, buoyed up by the success of Indo-European it was proposed that Turkic, Mongolic & Tungusic were a monophyletic language family -- Altaic -- which originated somewhere close to the Altai region. The early formulations
also unified it with Uralic making the large Uralo-Altaic grouping. Since then, Uralo-Altaic has been seen as an artificial group, perhaps with some similarities arising from borrowings. However, Altaic was still believed to hold and even expanded into a ``Macro-Altaic''
Read 13 tweets

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