Thread by @JimmyTheBrunt

IMMUNE DAMAGE PERSISTS POST-COVID.

A Thread 🧵

Here is a collection of papers indicating the persistence of immuno-dysfunction post-Covid.

Let's heretoafter refer to them as the 'Munro Files'.
No reason.

#MunroFiles

"We detected persisting CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation up to *12 MONTHS* after infection, in patients with mild and severe COVID-19, as measured by increased HLA-DR and CD38 expression on these cells."

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/al…

"Immunological dysfunction persists for *8 MONTHS* following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection"

nature.com/articles/s4159…

"Major alterations to monocyte and dendritic cell subsets lasting *MORE THAN 6 MONTHS* after hospitalization for COVID-19"

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…

"The study showed increased risk of post-Covid STREP TONSILLITIS in children up to *12 MONTHS* after a Covid infection"

bmj.com/content/380/bm…

"Immunological damage from reinfection is cumulative."

nature.com/articles/s4159…

"Long-lasting depletion and functional impairment of DCs and monocytes may have consequences for susceptibility to secondary infections and therapy of COVID-19 patients."

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614036/

"The impaired function and reduced numbers of dendritic cells are a catastrophe for the immune system. This deficiency and dysfunction of DCs persist for *SEVERAL MONTHS* after SARS-CoV-2 infection"

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…

"In the Covid-recovered, there is a total absence of CD22-CD45 interaction; a whole subset missing! This is in addition to dysregulated B cell maturation."

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…

"Deep immunophenotyping revealed significant differences in multiple innate and adaptive immune populations (T helper, T follicular helper, and regulatory T cells) in convalescent individuals compared to healthy controls"

bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…

"We demonstrate myeloid recovery but persistent T cell abnormalities in convalescent COVID-19 patients *MORE THAN 3 MONTHS* after initial infection. These changes are more marked with age & are independent of ongoing subjective ill-health"

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…

“The fact that in our data we find the level of vascular derangement higher in post-acute than in *acute* COVID-19 suggests that vascular remodeling is a continuously acting process during post-acute COVID disease.”

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

"Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations revealed a significant difference in circulating immune cell populations among MY-LC groups [which persisted]."

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

"It appears highly likely that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes acute pulmonary vascular disease as a major aspect of the acute pathology and that some pulmonary vascular injury is likely to be present in individuals with persistent symptoms,

journals.plos.org/plospathogens/…

As always, please feel free to add to this list.