I just finished rounding in the newborn nursery and got many questions from new parents.

Here are 7 common questions that I got that I think would be educational for parents (and peds trainees):

#PedsTwitter #MedTwitter
1. “Why are my baby’s feet blue?”
This is known as acrocyanosis and is completely normal.

Babies have a hard time regulating temperatures, so their hands/feet are often colder than their bodies (as you would be in a cold café) ☕️

It may even affect the lips sometimes, but never the inside of the mouth.
2. “Why does my baby have teeth?”
These are also normal (and are not teeth!).🦷

These are retained keratin material and are known as Bohn’s nodules (when on the gums) or Epstein pearls (when on the palate). They will go away.
3. “Does my baby have acne?”
No; babies rarely develop acne before 2 weeks of age. 2⃣⏲️

These are milia, which are also composed of retained keratinaceous material and will resolve on their own.
4. “My baby is sneezing! Are they sick?”
Most likely, no.

Babies have tiny nasal passages and so are more prone to snot and other material irritating them. 🤧 If the baby has fevers or other signs of illness, that’s a different story. 🤒
5. “Why does my baby’s head look weird”?
This can be normal, especially in a vaginal birth.

“Molding” occurs when the head is squeezed through the birth canal and makes the baby look like an alien.👽

However, there are some head bleeds that need to be considered, so getting a doctor to examine is probably wise.🩸
6. “Why does baby’s head feels bumpy/ridged?”
When babies are born, their sutures (edges of skull bones) may overlap. 💀

These "overriding sutures" are normal and should flatten with time.

If they don’t, there can be more serious problems such as a fixed skull; you should alert your pediatrician if this happens. ⚠️
7. “My baby is spitting up, is it reflux?”
Remember that when babies are born, their stomachs are the size of a small fruit! 🍑 Overfeeding can lead to spitting up, and so can gas (try burping!).

Most spit-up is normal and does not require special treatment or medications.
That’s it for now!

Thanks to the Stanford newborn gallery for many of these photos! 🖼️

#PedsTwitter, what are some other common questions you receive?

@drkatielockwood @MichaelCosimini @LMeyerson_MD @Dr_ScottK @DrEricBall @ZoeBouchelle

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More from @ClementLeeMD

Oct 24, 2022
With RSV season now formally upon us, let’s learn a little bit about the virus! Here are 10 facts you may not know about RSV…

#PedsTwitter #MedTwitter
1. RSV is the #1 cause of hospitalizations in children under age 1 in the US (PMID 27490190).

(Technically, by billing codes, this is inaccurate—since being born is the #1 cause of hospitalization, but you get the idea.) 👩‍🍼
2. Worldwide, the #1 killer of infants after the neonatal period is malaria. 🦟🩸

#2 is RSV (PMID 23245604).

RSV accounts for 7% of infant deaths (and malaria 12%).
Read 16 tweets
Aug 8, 2022
1/19
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? A thread 🧵 and list of contraindications

#MedTwitter #PedsTwitter 🍼
2/19
As pediatricians, we often default to recommending BFing for infants given the numerous health benefits that have been demonstrated for both the mother and child. 👩‍🦰👶

However, there are certain situations we should be mindful of.
3/19
For me, the 1st major contraindication is maternal preference.🗳️

Moms have various reasons for opting not to BF, incl. convenience, comfort, stigma, past trauma... Our jobs as pediatricians is to explore hesitations but also support whatever choice is ultimately made.
Read 19 tweets
Jul 19, 2022
1/17
When should I send an ammonia? A thread 🧵 and list of indications

#MedTwitter #TipsForNewDocs
2/17
As I mentioned previously, ammonia is commonly sent for workup of AMS, and rarely is it helpful in that setting.

3/17
There are many reasons for this, one being ammonia needs to be sent from free-flowing samples and on ice. 🩸🧊

Also, it cannot be used to rule in or out hepatic encephalopathy, which is a clinical diagnosis.
Read 17 tweets
Jun 20, 2022
1/14
Rapid Response Series, #4: Altered Mental Status

Congrats to all the new interns who started this past week! 🥳 I saved a fun topic for this milestone—something all doctors will see regardless of specialty: encephalopathy

#MedTwitter #TipsForNewDocs
2/14
This one is hard to tackle because it runs the whole gamut of diagnoses, from benign things like sleep inertia 😴 to life threatening conditions like osmotic demyelination syndrome.

However, I’ll try to supply some frameworks I find to be helpful.
3/14
In medicine, pretest probability is always useful.🧮 But it’s especially useful for AMS.

What’s the most common cause of AMS in young individuals presenting to the ED?
Read 15 tweets
May 31, 2022
1/14
Rapid Response Series, #3: Hypoxia

How many times on rounds have you been asked, “What are the 5 causes of hypoxemia”? 🤔 #MedTwitter #TipsForNewDocs
2/14
To me, this is an impractical question bc unless you are practicing on Denali 🗻, your patient is not suddenly hypoxic from high altitude. It’s almost always V/Q mismatch.

(Also, a shunt is just severe V/Q mismatch, so those are really the same answer.)
3/14
Another flaw is that these “5” (really, 4) causes do not include hypoxia not due to hypoxemia—e.g. mechanisms beyond O2 getting from air 🌬️ to blood🩸

These incl. but are not limited to dyshemoglobinemias and tissue inefficiency (e.g. cyanide).
Read 14 tweets
May 18, 2022
1/11
Rapid Response Series, #2: Hypotension

So in medical school we were all shown a table like this to learn shock, which made my eyes roll back. 🙄 When I’m called about hypotension, I don’t have time to recall a table.⏱️ #MedTwitter #TipsForNewDocs
2/11
But I do like math formulas 🤓, and using this familiar formula ensures I never miss a potential cause of shock.

Which of these formulas best estimates blood pressure (BP)?
3/11
The correct answer is BP = CO (cardiac output) x SVR (systemic vascular resistance). ✅

To take it one step further, what is the formula for CO?
Read 11 tweets

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