Thread by @theneurolander

ETHOS Diencephalon!!!

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Diencephalon location
- around the 3rd ventricle

The cavity of the diencephalon is ----- the 3rd ventricle
All of the structures of the diencephalon are around the 3rd ventricle, so the cavity of the diencephalon is the 3rd ventricle.

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Diencephalon embryology

- prosencephalon

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Components (ETHOS)

Epithalamus (habenular & pineal)
- sleep-wake cycle

Thalamus
- relay center for sensory information

Hypothalamus (mammillary body & tuber cinereum)
- autonomic function & endocrine system

Optic nerve

Subthalamus
- inhibition of involuntary movements

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Epithalamus

“melatonin control”

5/

Function

- connects limbic system to other parts of the brain
- controls the circadian rhythm

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Components - PHAS

Pineal gland
HAbenula
HAbenular commissure
Stria medullaris

7/

Relation between

pineal gland
&
habenular commissure
&
posterior commissure

8/

Relation between

Pineal gland
&
Habenula
&
Stria medullaris

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Thalamus

“the major component of diencephalon”

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Structure

Thalami nuclei are divided by “Y” shaped white matter (internal medullary lamina)
- anterior, medial, and lateral nuclear groups

Pulvinar: Post end of Pos Pole of thalamus

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Function

Major sensory relay center

12/

Connections

Thalamic Radio – ABCDEFGHI (anticlockwise)

13/

🅐 Anterior Nucleus

Alertness, Attention, Affect, Acute memory
*these are the main functions of limbic system – Papez circuit

Afferent: mammillary body
Efferent: cingulate gyrus

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🅑Ventral anterior nucleus

Basal ganglia

Afferent: globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Efferent: Broadmann area 6 (prefrontal and premotor cortex)

15/

🅒 Ventral lateral nucleus

Co-ordination & Cerebellum

Afferent: cerebellum (dentate nucleus) & basal ganglia
Efferent: Broadmann area 4 (primary motor cortex)

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🅓 Ventral posterior nucleus

Dermatome (sensory)

Afferent:
- Ventro-post-med (VPM):
> Medial: Mask (face & taste)

- Ventro-post-lat(VPL):
> VPL: Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch and temperature

Efferent:
- Brodmann Area 3, 1, 2 (sensory cortex)

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🅔 Geniculate bodies

Eye and Ear

Lateral geniculate body: Light (eyes)
Afferent: optic tract
Efferent: calcarine sulcus (area 17)

Medial geniculate body: Music (ear)
Afferent: superior olive & inferior colliculus
Efferent: primary auditory cortex (area 41 & 42)

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🅕 Medial dorsal nucleus

Feelings (limbic system)

Afferent: amygdala & olfactory cortex
Efferent: prefrontal cortex & limbic system

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🅖 Pulvinar

Gloat (“fix” – control of eye movements)

Afferent: pretectal nucleus & superior colliculus
Efferent: association cortex

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🅗 Reticular nucleus

Halt thalamus

Afferent: cortex and interthalamic nuclei
* interthalamic connections largely inhibiton
Efferent: thalamic nuclei

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🅘 Intralaminar nucleus

Intent and arousal in Intralaminar nucleus
*alertness

Afferent: cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord
Efferent: cortex & basal ganglia

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Relation between

thalamus & internal capsule

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What are the rings above thalamus?

Caudate nucleus
Stria terminalis
Lateral ventricle
Fornix

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Caudate nucleus

“It is a rat”
Head, body, and tail (amygdaloid body)

Cheese – lentiform nucleus
Salad – internal capsule
Egg – thalamus

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Hypothalamus!!!

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Function
“HEAL”

Homeostasis of
Endocrine + ANS + Limbic systems

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Anatomy

- part of the diencephalon
- beneath the thalamus ("hypo"thalamus)
- posteriorly and dorsally to the optic chiasm

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Nucleus and lesions

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Connections

“TSH Master Function to VID”
- 12 pathways

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Mnemonic

“maintains homeostasis by regulating TANHATS”

Thirst and water balance
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Hunger
Autonomic nervous system
Temperature
Sexual urges

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Summary figure

32/

Subthalamus

33/

Function

“part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia”

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Components

Nuclear FIFA

Nuclear: subthalamic nucleus
Fasciculus: subthalamic fasciculus
Incerta: zona incerta
Forel: fields of Forel
Ansa: ansa lenticularis

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