Sphinx (face of human and body of lion or other animal) or Purush Singha was popular way of probably representing figure of royalties or kingship in Egypt and India and even Mesopotamians. This thread capture such instances of Purush Singham from India.
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Keith 1914 translates Purushamriga Chandramase as 'The Human-Beast to the Moon' YV-II.5.5.14 but we will call such figures Purush Singham for sale of simplicity and uniqueness.
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These 4500 years old Harappan seals with depictionof Nari Singham or anthropomorphic figures with face of a human mostly female and body of a beast (mostly tiger) are probably of a queen/King/royalty.
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This Pair of Purusha Singha guard the entrance of the Shri Shiva Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, India. Male and female,
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Purush Singham and Nari Singham on a pillar of Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
12th cent. CE
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Pair of Purush Singham in Shri Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam
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Seated sphinx among the sculpture of the Krishna cave in Mamallapuram
Granite
8th century
Approximately 85 cm high
Photo by Raja Deekshithar, 25 July 2005
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Walking Purush Singham
Shri Shiva Nataraja temple
12th century
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Purush Singham from the wall of the Shri Varadaraja Perumal temple in Tribhuvanai near Pondicherry
1000 CE
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Purush Singham ? and Bhima from the
Mahabharata and the judgment by Dharmaraja Yudhistira in the Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
Granite
12th century
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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga South Gopuram of the ??? temple in Villianur, Puducherry
15th century
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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga, South gopuram of the Shri Arunachaleshvara temple in Tiruvannamalai
12/17
Purush Singham in standing upright posture
Shri Subrahmania shrine, Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore
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Purush Singham depicted on the base of the Vishnu shrine in the temple of Tirumalai in Kanya Kumari district
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Sad, some of the temple are only 400 years old with these purush Singham sculptures and yet we can only guess about their meaning. There are no expert of the subject matter left it seems. This thread is from my own research and opinions. Pics taken from respective owners
Just to clarify
Purush Singham has manly face and lion body
Narsimha has a lion face and human body.
In ancient times, Gods were depicted with animal faces and human bodies while Kings were depicted with human faces and animal bodies.
So not to be confused
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Purush Singha from Harappan Period
This Anthromorph figure of composite animal and humanly may be precursor of Early Purush Singha (Depiction of a King) #Archaeology
17b/17
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Everyone cites these percentages. No one asks 𝐰𝐡𝐲 vehicles contribute 41%. No one asks 𝐰𝐡𝐲 road dust is 21.5%. No one asks 𝐰𝐡𝐲 construction spikes PM by 8%.
The real question isn't WHAT pollutes.
It's WHY Delhi's vehicles pollute 3–4× more than vehicles in Mumbai, Bangalore, or Singapore.
WHY does road dust account for 21.5% here but <5% in Tokyo?
WHY does construction create such massive spikes?
The answer: 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐞.
This thread dissects the failure points—and presents engineered fixes with ROI under 12 months.
1/9 Welcome to Jalore Fort, Rajasthan: the “Golden Fort” that literally glows at sunset yet remains invisible to 99.9 % of Indian tourists. Built to laugh at invaders, now dying of Instagram indifference. Classic. 🏜️✨
#SonarKila #GemsofASI
State protected monument number S-RJ-223,224
@UNESCO @narendramodi @PMOIndia @gssjodhpur @ASIGoI @MinOfCultureGoI 2/9
10th-century Paramaras: “Let’s park a fortress on a lone volcanic plug no army can climb.”
Result: Never fully conquered. Alauddin tried in 1311, lost 40,000 men, still had to bribe the gatekeeper. Peak medieval flex.
3/9 Songara Chauhans take over, rename it Swarnagiri (“Hill of Gold”). Because when your walls shine like Fort Knox, subtlety is overrated. Meanwhile Delhi historians call it “a local disturbance”. Sure Jan.
A fortress that survived Vijayanagara's collapse, Muslim invasions, Nayaka power plays, and Tipu Sultan's expansion now may not survive few more decades thanks to bureaucracy 😑
Yet most Indians have never heard of it. Here's why that's a problem. 🏰
1️⃣ These brick ruins are what remains of Karnasubarna—ancient capital of King Sasanka's Gauda Kingdom (circa 600-625 CE). Once a thriving Buddhist center with the grand Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar, as documented by Hiuen Tsang himself. 🏛️
Now? Barely anyone knows it existed.
ASI protected monument number 3692. Can you see the protection? #GemsofASI
2️⃣ Hiuen Tsang described Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar as having 'red brick walls' with over 1,000 monks studying here in the 7th century. A major Buddhist learning center in Eastern India, predating Nalanda's peak fame.
Yet most history books skip straight to Nalanda.
No signboards explaining the mahavihar's significance. No interpretive panels. Nothing.
3️⃣ King Sasanka ruled from Karnasubarna, controlling vast territories across Bengal and parts of Odisha. His kingdom was a political and religious hub—Hindu-Buddhist confluence, trade networks, administrative sophistication.
Colonial historians painted him as 'obscure.' Our own institutions continue that tradition by ignoring his capital.
THREAD: How Bengaluru Buried 3,000 Years Under Asphalt 🧵
1/ Take a moment. Picture Chikkajala—a megalithic burial site predating empires we revere. Unearthed by Captain Branfil in colonial times, packed with Iron Age cists (500-1000 BCE) and striking black-and-red pottery. Priceless for science. Until we paved it over. What a legacy, eh? 🏗️🪦🏛️
#GemsofASI #Archaeology
2/ This wasn't just dirt. A 3,000-year-old cemetery fused with a fortified temple, etched stepwell boasting fish, turtles, scorpions. Hoysala pillars, Vijayanagara scripts, a bicentennial Hanuman shrine, and a peepal tree clinging to granite like ancient defiance. But highways wait for no history. 🛣️🕳️🗿
3/ ASI listed Chikkajala among 208 protected gems in Bangalore Circle. Ironclad safety? Hardly. When NHAI bulldozed the entrance in 2011 for airport road expansion, ASI shrugged: Not our circus. Bureaucratic brilliance. 🙄📜🚧
Did you know Delhi’s winter pollution isn’t caused by Diwali fireworks, but by agricultural laws that changed how farmers grow rice? 🌾
Few know that the Punjab and Haryana Preservation of Subsoil Water Acts (2009) are major reasons behind the smog choking Delhi every winter. ☁️
Curious how? Dive into this short #Thread. 🔍
1️⃣ The Green Revolution in Punjab & Haryana: A Double-Edged Sword
In the 1970s and 80s, India shifted from traditional crops like maize and millet to wheat-paddy systems to reduce food imports. High-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation drove this change, boosting agriculture and making Punjab a key food supplier. However, rice cultivation strained water resources, dropping groundwater levels from 10 to over 200 feet. Increased pesticide use led to health issues, including more cancer cases and birth defects. ⚠️🌾🚜🚰🚱
2️⃣ Farmers began planting SATHI, a type of paddy, allowing for two harvests during a single kharif season (April to October). When sown in April, producing one kilogram of rice required 4,500 liters of water, but if planted in mid-June, it only needed 1,500 liters.