Sphinx (face of human and body of lion or other animal) or Purush Singha was popular way of probably representing figure of royalties or kingship in Egypt and India and even Mesopotamians. This thread capture such instances of Purush Singham from India.
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Keith 1914 translates Purushamriga Chandramase as 'The Human-Beast to the Moon' YV-II.5.5.14 but we will call such figures Purush Singham for sale of simplicity and uniqueness.
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These 4500 years old Harappan seals with depictionof Nari Singham or anthropomorphic figures with face of a human mostly female and body of a beast (mostly tiger) are probably of a queen/King/royalty.
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This Pair of Purusha Singha guard the entrance of the Shri Shiva Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, India. Male and female,
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Purush Singham and Nari Singham on a pillar of Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
12th cent. CE
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Pair of Purush Singham in Shri Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam
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Seated sphinx among the sculpture of the Krishna cave in Mamallapuram
Granite
8th century
Approximately 85 cm high
Photo by Raja Deekshithar, 25 July 2005
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Walking Purush Singham
Shri Shiva Nataraja temple
12th century
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Purush Singham from the wall of the Shri Varadaraja Perumal temple in Tribhuvanai near Pondicherry
1000 CE
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Purush Singham ? and Bhima from the
Mahabharata and the judgment by Dharmaraja Yudhistira in the Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
Granite
12th century
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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga South Gopuram of the ??? temple in Villianur, Puducherry
15th century
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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga, South gopuram of the Shri Arunachaleshvara temple in Tiruvannamalai
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Purush Singham in standing upright posture
Shri Subrahmania shrine, Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore
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Purush Singham depicted on the base of the Vishnu shrine in the temple of Tirumalai in Kanya Kumari district
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Sad, some of the temple are only 400 years old with these purush Singham sculptures and yet we can only guess about their meaning. There are no expert of the subject matter left it seems. This thread is from my own research and opinions. Pics taken from respective owners
Just to clarify
Purush Singham has manly face and lion body
Narsimha has a lion face and human body.
In ancient times, Gods were depicted with animal faces and human bodies while Kings were depicted with human faces and animal bodies.
So not to be confused
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Purush Singha from Harappan Period
This Anthromorph figure of composite animal and humanly may be precursor of Early Purush Singha (Depiction of a King) #Archaeology
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You already know that for over 2,000 years, Indian smiths forged steel so sharp it cut European swords in half. So resilient it became legend across continents.
By 1900, those same smiths were classified as backward. Primitive. Incapable of innovation.
What happened between? 🧠⚔️ You don't know!!
A 5-step manual for erasure. READ On 👇
#decolonisation #UncropTheTruth
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Step 1: Extract the technique
Indian wootz steel arrived in British laboratories in 1795. Samples were analysed, chemical compositions documented, papers published in the Royal Society. The steel was credited to "Eastern origin." The smiths who forged it? Unnamed. Untraced. Irrelevant.
The technique was extracted. The technician was erased.
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Step 2: Disrupt the ecosystem
Wootz steel required specific forests for charcoal, particular ores, seasonal smelting cycles. Colonial forest laws between 1855–1878 criminalized wood collection, turned smelting zones into "reserved land," cut access to raw materials.
The furnaces went cold. Not because knowledge disappeared, but because resources were locked behind permits the smiths couldn't obtain.
1/ When artefacts disappear from protected monuments, the response is usually administrative.
Files are opened, reports are written, and records are updated.
By the time this happens, the loss has already occurred much earlier.
2/ Many antiquities under protection are still incompletely catalogued, irregularly verified, or stored without consistent physical security.
In such cases, legal custody exists on paper, but effective control on the ground is weak or absent.
3/ Once local community presence was removed from many sites, informal and continuous surveillance disappeared with it.
As a result, losses are often discovered only years later, during audits or inspections, when recovery is no longer realistic.
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#GemsOfASI #12
Ritual bans, policing faith, and administrative overreach.
1/ Across India, ritual bans at protected monuments are often justified as “conservation measures”.
Their effects, however, go far beyond conservation.
2/ Rituals in temples are not ornamental additions.
They are structured practices embedded into architecture, time cycles, and spatial design.
Banning them alters how a site functions — not just how it is used.
3/ Colonial-era conservation frameworks treated ritual activity as an external stressor.
This assumption migrated into post-Independence administration, where regulation slowly turned into prohibition.