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Jan 28, 2023 19 tweets 6 min read Read on X
Sphinx (face of human and body of lion or other animal) or Purush Singha was popular way of probably representing figure of royalties or kingship in Egypt and India and even Mesopotamians. This thread capture such instances of Purush Singham from India.

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Keith 1914 translates Purushamriga Chandramase as 'The Human-Beast to the Moon' YV-II.5.5.14 but we will call such figures Purush Singham for sale of simplicity and uniqueness.

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These 4500 years old Harappan seals with depictionof Nari Singham or anthropomorphic figures with face of a human mostly female and body of a beast (mostly tiger) are probably of a queen/King/royalty.

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This Pair of Purusha Singha guard the entrance of the Shri Shiva Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, India. Male and female,

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Purush Singham and Nari Singham on a pillar of Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
12th cent. CE

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Pair of Purush Singham in Shri Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam

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Seated sphinx among the sculpture of the Krishna cave in Mamallapuram
Granite
8th century
Approximately 85 cm high
Photo by Raja Deekshithar, 25 July 2005

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Walking Purush Singham
Shri Shiva Nataraja temple
12th century

8/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham from the wall of the Shri Varadaraja Perumal temple in Tribhuvanai near Pondicherry
1000 CE

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Purush Singham ? and Bhima from the
Mahabharata and the judgment by Dharmaraja Yudhistira in the Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
Granite
12th century

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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga South Gopuram of the ??? temple in Villianur, Puducherry
15th century

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Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga, South gopuram of the Shri Arunachaleshvara temple in Tiruvannamalai

12/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham in standing upright posture
Shri Subrahmania shrine, Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore

13/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham depicted on the base of the Vishnu shrine in the temple of Tirumalai in Kanya Kumari district

14/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Sad, some of the temple are only 400 years old with these purush Singham sculptures and yet we can only guess about their meaning. There are no expert of the subject matter left it seems. This thread is from my own research and opinions. Pics taken from respective owners

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You can read the unrolled version of this thread here: typefully.com/GemsOfINDOLOGY…

17/17
Just to clarify
Purush Singham has manly face and lion body
Narsimha has a lion face and human body.
In ancient times, Gods were depicted with animal faces and human bodies while Kings were depicted with human faces and animal bodies.
So not to be confused

17a/17 Image
Purush Singha from Harappan Period
This Anthromorph figure of composite animal and humanly may be precursor of Early Purush Singha (Depiction of a King)
#Archaeology

17b/17 ImageImageImage

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Jan 22
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Meet Bhagirathi — the river that dragged Ganga from Shiva's hair to earth.

Rigveda calls her "the one who flows with the speed of thought."

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From cosmic torrent to seasonal sewer. Thread 🧵 Image
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Bhagirathi begins at Gaumukh — "cow's mouth" glacier.

1935: 300-meter ice wall, roaring.
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Your Himalayan trek selfie is on her corpse. 📸❄️ Image
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Vedic seers saw her as divine:
नदीं न संनादतीं दमूनसम् (RV 10.75.4)
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Jan 22
You already know that for over 2,000 years, Indian smiths forged steel so sharp it cut European swords in half. So resilient it became legend across continents.

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A 5-step manual for erasure. READ On 👇

#decolonisation #UncropTheTruth

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Step 1: Extract the technique

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The technique was extracted. The technician was erased.

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Step 2: Disrupt the ecosystem

Wootz steel required specific forests for charcoal, particular ores, seasonal smelting cycles. Colonial forest laws between 1855–1878 criminalized wood collection, turned smelting zones into "reserved land," cut access to raw materials.

The furnaces went cold. Not because knowledge disappeared, but because resources were locked behind permits the smiths couldn't obtain.

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Read 7 tweets
Jan 9
#GemsOfASI #14
Theft, loss, and inventory failure

1/
When artefacts disappear from protected monuments, the response is usually administrative.
Files are opened, reports are written, and records are updated.
By the time this happens, the loss has already occurred much earlier. Image
2/
Many antiquities under protection are still incompletely catalogued, irregularly verified, or stored without consistent physical security.
In such cases, legal custody exists on paper, but effective control on the ground is weak or absent. Image
3/
Once local community presence was removed from many sites, informal and continuous surveillance disappeared with it.
As a result, losses are often discovered only years later, during audits or inspections, when recovery is no longer realistic.
(3/5) Image
Read 5 tweets
Jan 7
#GemsofASI #13

1/ Community custodianship removed. Decay accelerated.

For centuries, India's monuments survived not because of departments.

They survived because of communities.

Priests. Caretakers. Villagers. Guilds.
Daily acts of maintenance kept stone alive.

Then we professionalized protection—and removed the protectors.Image
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• Cleaning debris
• Clearing drainage
• Minor repairs before they became major
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This wasn't "informal."
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Colonial archaeology called it a liability. Image
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• Untrained ❌
• Intrusive ❌
• Encroachers ❌

Control replaced continuity.

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Protection became professionalised.
Also **detached**.

Local custodianship: removed.
On-ground substitute: none. Image
Read 8 tweets
Jan 7
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#GemsOfASI #MNI938Image
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No single empire. Just continuous occupation for 3,000 years.Image
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They weren't looking for artifacts.

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Trade routes. Religious centers. Water systems.

This wasn't a cave. It was infrastructure.Image
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Jan 6
#GemsOfASI #12
Ritual bans, policing faith, and administrative overreach.

1/
Across India, ritual bans at protected monuments are often justified as “conservation measures”.
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2/
Rituals in temples are not ornamental additions.
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Colonial-era conservation frameworks treated ritual activity as an external stressor.

This assumption migrated into post-Independence administration, where regulation slowly turned into prohibition. Image
Read 10 tweets

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