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Jan 28, 2023 19 tweets 6 min read Read on X
Sphinx (face of human and body of lion or other animal) or Purush Singha was popular way of probably representing figure of royalties or kingship in Egypt and India and even Mesopotamians. This thread capture such instances of Purush Singham from India.

1/17 Image
Keith 1914 translates Purushamriga Chandramase as 'The Human-Beast to the Moon' YV-II.5.5.14 but we will call such figures Purush Singham for sale of simplicity and uniqueness.

2/17 Image
These 4500 years old Harappan seals with depictionof Nari Singham or anthropomorphic figures with face of a human mostly female and body of a beast (mostly tiger) are probably of a queen/King/royalty.

3/17 Image
This Pair of Purusha Singha guard the entrance of the Shri Shiva Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, India. Male and female,

4/17 Image
Purush Singham and Nari Singham on a pillar of Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
12th cent. CE

5/17 Image
Pair of Purush Singham in Shri Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam

6/17 Image
Seated sphinx among the sculpture of the Krishna cave in Mamallapuram
Granite
8th century
Approximately 85 cm high
Photo by Raja Deekshithar, 25 July 2005

7/17 Image
Walking Purush Singham
Shri Shiva Nataraja temple
12th century

8/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham from the wall of the Shri Varadaraja Perumal temple in Tribhuvanai near Pondicherry
1000 CE

9/17 Image
Purush Singham ? and Bhima from the
Mahabharata and the judgment by Dharmaraja Yudhistira in the Shri Airavateshvara temple in Darasuram
Granite
12th century

10/17 Image
Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga South Gopuram of the ??? temple in Villianur, Puducherry
15th century

11/17 Image
Purush Singham worshipping a Shiva Linga, South gopuram of the Shri Arunachaleshvara temple in Tiruvannamalai

12/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham in standing upright posture
Shri Subrahmania shrine, Rajarajeshvara temple in Tanjore

13/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Purush Singham depicted on the base of the Vishnu shrine in the temple of Tirumalai in Kanya Kumari district

14/17 Photo by Raja Deekshithar, ...
Sad, some of the temple are only 400 years old with these purush Singham sculptures and yet we can only guess about their meaning. There are no expert of the subject matter left it seems. This thread is from my own research and opinions. Pics taken from respective owners

15/17
You can read the unrolled version of this thread here: typefully.com/GemsOfINDOLOGY…

17/17
Just to clarify
Purush Singham has manly face and lion body
Narsimha has a lion face and human body.
In ancient times, Gods were depicted with animal faces and human bodies while Kings were depicted with human faces and animal bodies.
So not to be confused

17a/17 Image
Purush Singha from Harappan Period
This Anthromorph figure of composite animal and humanly may be precursor of Early Purush Singha (Depiction of a King)
#Archaeology

17b/17 ImageImageImage

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More from @GemsOfINDOLOGY

Jan 9
#GemsOfASI #14
Theft, loss, and inventory failure

1/
When artefacts disappear from protected monuments, the response is usually administrative.
Files are opened, reports are written, and records are updated.
By the time this happens, the loss has already occurred much earlier. Image
2/
Many antiquities under protection are still incompletely catalogued, irregularly verified, or stored without consistent physical security.
In such cases, legal custody exists on paper, but effective control on the ground is weak or absent. Image
3/
Once local community presence was removed from many sites, informal and continuous surveillance disappeared with it.
As a result, losses are often discovered only years later, during audits or inspections, when recovery is no longer realistic.
(3/5) Image
Read 5 tweets
Jan 7
#GemsofASI #13

1/ Community custodianship removed. Decay accelerated.

For centuries, India's monuments survived not because of departments.

They survived because of communities.

Priests. Caretakers. Villagers. Guilds.
Daily acts of maintenance kept stone alive.

Then we professionalized protection—and removed the protectors.Image
2/ What did daily custodianship look like?

• Cleaning debris
• Clearing drainage
• Minor repairs before they became major
• Ritual upkeep
• Constant presence

This wasn't "informal."
It was a functioning system.

Colonial archaeology called it a liability. Image
3/ British ASI reframed custodians:

• Untrained ❌
• Intrusive ❌
• Encroachers ❌

Control replaced continuity.

Post-Independence? We kept the same framework.

Protection became professionalised.
Also **detached**.

Local custodianship: removed.
On-ground substitute: none. Image
Read 8 tweets
Jan 7
1/ When did you last hear about a 2000 years old hotel style South Indian site with Roman silver and Chinese coins?

Never.

Because we were taught ancient India was isolated. Insular. Self-contained.

That was a lie.

Here's what they found underground in Karnataka — and why nobody talks about it. 🪙🌏
#GemsOfASI #MNI938Image
2/ Chandravalli. Moon-shaped valley. Chitradurga district, Karnataka.

The site: Ankalagi Caves.

Inhabited since 1000 BCE.

Layers stack like civilizations:
Megalithic burials → Satavahana coins → Kadamba inscriptions → medieval cave shrines.

No single empire. Just continuous occupation for 3,000 years.Image
3/ 1909: B.L. Rice arrives.
1929–30: M.H. Krishna digs deeper.
1947: R.E.M. Wheeler, Archaeological Survey of India.

They weren't looking for artifacts.

They found an entire underground economy.

Trade routes. Religious centers. Water systems.

This wasn't a cave. It was infrastructure.Image
Read 12 tweets
Jan 6
#GemsOfASI #12
Ritual bans, policing faith, and administrative overreach.

1/
Across India, ritual bans at protected monuments are often justified as “conservation measures”.
Their effects, however, go far beyond conservation. Image
2/
Rituals in temples are not ornamental additions.
They are structured practices embedded into architecture, time cycles, and spatial design.

Banning them alters how a site functions — not just how it is used. Image
3/
Colonial-era conservation frameworks treated ritual activity as an external stressor.

This assumption migrated into post-Independence administration, where regulation slowly turned into prohibition. Image
Read 10 tweets
Jan 5
1/ THREAD — Before 1700 CE, European law didn't prohibit child marriage. It regulated it.

Minimum ages codified in canon law. Contracts binding in royal courts. Elite daughters became diplomatic currency.

This thread documents legal practices from primary sources. It doesn't comment on any modern religion or community.

Ages. Alliances. Archives.

Bookmark 🧵👇
2/
Carolingian Europe.

Bertha of Laon is believed to have married Pepin the Short around 744 CE. Historical sources suggest she may have been around 13–14 years old at the time. The marriage aimed to consolidate the Carolingian claim.

Source: Einhard, Royal Frankish Annals.

Alliance first. Childhood considered differently in historical context.Image
3/ Judith of Bavaria married Louis the Pious in 819 CE. Historical sources suggest she was quite young.

This marriage was significant in securing Bavarian loyalty to the Frankish throne, illustrating how alliances were formed in that era.

Source: Astronomer’s Vita Hludovici Image
Read 34 tweets
Jan 4
#GemsOfASI #11

1/ Lving worship, conservation law, and manufactured conflict.

Across India, living worship and heritage protection are repeatedly presented as being in conflict.

This conflict is often treated as inevitable.
It is not. Image
2/
Indian temples were historically designed for continuous use.

Architecture anticipated:
• daily rituals
• water flow
• oil lamps
• human movement

Use was not an accident.
It was part of structural logic. Image
3/
Colonial conservation law introduced a new assumption:
That **use causes damage**, and protection requires restriction.

This assumption worked for abandoned ruins in Europe.
Applied to living Indian temples, it created friction. Image
Read 10 tweets

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