GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
If you think this account is making changes in your lives then @TheMatriarchX is supermaxx.
12 subscribers
Dec 12 โ€ข 15 tweets โ€ข 6 min read
๐Ÿงต๐Ÿฐ What kind of fort gets called "minor" at 2,700 feet with multi-tiered defences visible for miles?

The kind that didn't fit colonial narratives. Rayadurgam Fort, Anantapur โ€” massive, sophisticated, erased.

We're still using their textbooks. The stones outlasted empires. The lie outlasted the stones.

#GemsofASI MNI#20

1/15Ancient stone fort perched atop a rocky hill, winding battlements and stairways bathed in warm golden sunset light. ๐Ÿ›• Built by ๐‰๐ฎ๐ง๐ ๐š ๐๐š๐ฒ๐š๐ค๐š (1520sโ€“30s), this was a Vijayanagara frontier fort controlling movement between AP & Karnataka. Colonial historians later downgraded it as "minor". Minor? A 2,700-ft citadel controlling two regions. But the empire narrative couldn't accommodate decentralised power. So it became "minor".

2/15Bearded, armored ruler with sword and staff overseeing laborers building a massive stone fort wall from scaffolding and blocks beneath a dusty sky
Dec 9 โ€ข 12 tweets โ€ข 5 min read
1/ They taught us the British ended Sati. Saved us from our barbarism. ๐Ÿ•Š๏ธ

Then why did Sati cases spike from 1 in 8 years to 5000 per year under British rule?

Why did cases DROP under Mughal emperors?

Let's talk about the history they never taught you. ๐Ÿงต Image 2/ From 1900 BCE to 1900 CEโ€”2,500 yearsโ€”historians found fewer than 500 verified Sati incidents.

That's one every 8 years. Rare. Tragic. But rare.

Between 1813-1829, just 16 years under British rule, they documented THOUSANDS.

What changed? Image
Dec 6 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 4 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ The Taj Mahal was built using measurements from 3300 BCE.

Same unit. Same system. 5000 years apart.

Your history textbooks never mentioned this. Why? ๐Ÿงต Half clay Harappan brick slab engraved with "1.763 cm" beside the white marble Taj Mahal facade, split composition highlighting same measurement unit across 5,000 years @narendramodi @PMOIndia @mygovindia @sanjeevsanyal @IndicMeenakshi 2๏ธโƒฃ The Harappan civilization used the angulaโ€”a finger-width of exactly 1.763 cm.

That same unit designed the Taj Mahal in 1648 CE.

5000 years. Zero breaks. Uninterrupted architectural DNA. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Hand pressing a weathered clay brick beside a translucent ruler marking 1.766 cm, highlighting a finger-width measurement used in ancient construction
Dec 5 โ€ข 9 tweets โ€ข 3 min read
๐Ÿงต The Bhagavata Purana tells a wild story about Ajamilaโ€”a Brahmin who spent 88 years sinning, then accidentally hacked moksha at his deathbed.

Yes, accidentally.

Let me explain. ๐Ÿชท Image 1/ Ajamila started pure. Born into a respectable Brahmin family, mastered the Vedas, lived virtuously with his devoted wife.

Textbook dharma. Perfect resume.

Then one day in the forest, he saw something that broke him. ๐Ÿ‘€ Image
Dec 2 โ€ข 21 tweets โ€ข 14 min read
๐Ÿงต Delhi chokes every winter. Politicians blame farmers. Farmers blame weather. Weather experts blame geography.

Nobody blames the real culprit: traffic mismanagement.

Here's the math they don't want you to see:

โ‚น60,000 Cr lost annually. 37 deaths daily. 16 cigarettes worth of air per day.

The fix? โ‚น13,900 Cr. Payback? 11 months.

Every number below is sourced from IIT Kanpur, WHO, EPCA, CSE. Every solution has worked elsewhere. Every excuse has expired.

@BJP4India controls both centre and state. @gupta_rekha has 4 years left.

Let's see if data trumps inertia ๐Ÿ‘‡ Bookmark and RT.Image 1) The damage โ€” Quantified

- AQI ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ“๐ŸŽโ€“๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ“๐ŸŽ during winter months (safar data)
- WHO: every 10 ยตg/mยณ rise in pm2.5 increases mortality by 6โ€“8%
- Delhi averages ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’๐ŸŽโ€“๐Ÿ๐Ÿ–๐ŸŽ ยต๐ /๐ฆยณ ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐Ÿ.๐Ÿ“ โ€” ~10ร— the safe limit
- A๐ง๐ง๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ง๐จ๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐›๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ž๐ง: โ‚น๐Ÿ”๐ŸŽ,๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽโ€“โ‚น๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ“,๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ ๐œ๐ซ (moefcc + teri)
- P๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐ฆ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ: 13,752 deaths/year (gbd dataset)
- Exposure equivalent: ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”โ€“๐Ÿ๐Ÿ– ๐œ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ/๐๐š๐ฒ

Sources of pm2.5 (IIT kanpur source apportionment):

- Vehicles: ๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ%
- Road dust: ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ.๐Ÿ“%
- Industry: 18%
- Construction: 8%
- Waste burning: 6%
- Stubble burning: ๐Ÿ“.๐Ÿ“%
- Firecrackers: <1%

Here's the problem:

Everyone cites these percentages. No one asks ๐ฐ๐ก๐ฒ vehicles contribute 41%. No one asks ๐ฐ๐ก๐ฒ road dust is 21.5%. No one asks ๐ฐ๐ก๐ฒ construction spikes PM by 8%.

The real question isn't WHAT pollutes.

It's WHY Delhi's vehicles pollute 3โ€“4ร— more than vehicles in Mumbai, Bangalore, or Singapore.

WHY does road dust account for 21.5% here but <5% in Tokyo?

WHY does construction create such massive spikes?

The answer: ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž.

This thread dissects the failure pointsโ€”and presents engineered fixes with ROI under 12 months.Image
Nov 30 โ€ข 9 tweets โ€ข 3 min read
1/9
Welcome to Jalore Fort, Rajasthan: the โ€œGolden Fortโ€ that literally glows at sunset yet remains invisible to 99.9 % of Indian tourists. Built to laugh at invaders, now dying of Instagram indifference. Classic. ๐Ÿœ๏ธโœจ
#SonarKila #GemsofASI
State protected monument number S-RJ-223,224Ancient hill fort ruins and white temple complex nestled in green valleys and rocky hills under a misty sky. @UNESCO @narendramodi @PMOIndia @gssjodhpur @ASIGoI @MinOfCultureGoI 2/9
10th-century Paramaras: โ€œLetโ€™s park a fortress on a lone volcanic plug no army can climb.โ€
Result: Never fully conquered. Alauddin tried in 1311, lost 40,000 men, still had to bribe the gatekeeper. Peak medieval flex. Image
Nov 29 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 6 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ ๐Ÿงต While everyone obsesses over Hampi, let me tell you about Rayadurgam Fort.

16th century. 2,727 feet elevation. Anantapur district.

A fortress that survived Vijayanagara's collapse, Muslim invasions, Nayaka power plays, and Tipu Sultan's expansion now may not survive few more decades thanks to bureaucracy ๐Ÿ˜‘

Yet most Indians have never heard of it. Here's why that's a problem. ๐Ÿฐ

#GemsofASI MNI#20 #Archaeology @AndraPradeshCM @asicircleImage 2๏ธโƒฃ Built by Junga Nayaka under Vijayanagara rule, but the site's earlier story is messier.

Local Balija chiefsโ€”the Rayadurgam Palegarsโ€”held this hill. Called "turbulent" by imperial records. The emperor sent officers to drive them out.

Once conquered? Renamed to "Bhupatirayakonda" (King's Hill).

Erasing rivals through nomenclature. Colonial Tale as old as time. #VijayanagaEmpire #IndianHistory #ForgottenFortsImage
Nov 26 โ€ข 14 tweets โ€ข 5 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ These brick ruins are what remains of Karnasubarnaโ€”ancient capital of King Sasanka's Gauda Kingdom (circa 600-625 CE). Once a thriving Buddhist center with the grand Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar, as documented by Hiuen Tsang himself. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

Now? Barely anyone knows it existed.

ASI protected monument number 3692. Can you see the protection? #GemsofASILow brick ruins and stepped foundations spread across a grassy plain under an overcast sky, suggesting an ancient site in a rural landscape. 2๏ธโƒฃ Hiuen Tsang described Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar as having 'red brick walls' with over 1,000 monks studying here in the 7th century. A major Buddhist learning center in Eastern India, predating Nalanda's peak fame.

Yet most history books skip straight to Nalanda.

No signboards explaining the mahavihar's significance. No interpretive panels. Nothing.Excavated red-brick monastery foundations with stepped terraces set in a grassy plain, palm trees and village buildings on the horizon.
Nov 26 โ€ข 17 tweets โ€ข 8 min read
THREAD: How Bengaluru Buried 3,000 Years Under Asphalt ๐Ÿงต

1/ Take a moment. Picture Chikkajalaโ€”a megalithic burial site predating empires we revere. Unearthed by Captain Branfil in colonial times, packed with Iron Age cists (500-1000 BCE) and striking black-and-red pottery. Priceless for science. Until we paved it over. What a legacy, eh? ๐Ÿ—๏ธ๐Ÿชฆ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

#GemsofASI #ArchaeologyImage 2/ This wasn't just dirt. A 3,000-year-old cemetery fused with a fortified temple, etched stepwell boasting fish, turtles, scorpions. Hoysala pillars, Vijayanagara scripts, a bicentennial Hanuman shrine, and a peepal tree clinging to granite like ancient defiance. But highways wait for no history. ๐Ÿ›ฃ๏ธ๐Ÿ•ณ๏ธ๐Ÿ—ฟImage
Nov 2 โ€ข 10 tweets โ€ข 5 min read
Did you know Delhiโ€™s winter pollution isnโ€™t caused by Diwali fireworks, but by agricultural laws that changed how farmers grow rice? ๐ŸŒพ

Few know that the Punjab and Haryana Preservation of Subsoil Water Acts (2009) are major reasons behind the smog choking Delhi every winter. โ˜๏ธ

Curious how? Dive into this short #Thread. ๐Ÿ”Image 1๏ธโƒฃ The Green Revolution in Punjab & Haryana: A Double-Edged Sword

In the 1970s and 80s, India shifted from traditional crops like maize and millet to wheat-paddy systems to reduce food imports. High-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation drove this change, boosting agriculture and making Punjab a key food supplier. However, rice cultivation strained water resources, dropping groundwater levels from 10 to over 200 feet. Increased pesticide use led to health issues, including more cancer cases and birth defects. โš ๏ธ๐ŸŒพ๐Ÿšœ๐Ÿšฐ๐ŸšฑImage
Oct 25 โ€ข 8 tweets โ€ข 5 min read
When Sargon of Akkad bragged about "ships from Meluhha docking at Agade" (2334 BCE), he wasn't making it up.

The Sumerians called India by a name meaning "THE ELEVATED PLACE."

Why? Because mountains were how they FOUND us.

A thread on ancient branding. ๐Ÿงต๐Ÿ—ป 2/ Let's talk about how the Sumerians knew India as 'MELUHHA' ๐Ÿงต

When Sargon of Akkad boasted (2334 BCE) about ships from Meluhha docking at Agade, he wasn't just name-dropping. The term possibly derives from Dravidian 'mel-akam' = 'elevated place.'

Why? Mountains.

Mount Meru/Sumeru wasn't just mythologyโ€”it was NAVIGATION. Ancient maritime traders crossing the Persian Gulf needed distinctive landmarks. The Harappan civilization's mountain ranges (Himalayas, Aravallis) served as crucial geographic identifiers.

Evidence? EVERYWHERE:

Harappan seals found in Ur, Babylon, Kish (2600-1900 BCE)

Gudea's records: 'translucent carnelian FROM MELUHHA'

Shortugai colony near Afghanistan lapis mines

Meluhhan interpreters living in Mesopotamian cities

The cosmic mountain of Vedic texts wasn't abstract philosophyโ€”it was rooted in the REAL geography that made India recognizable across 2000km of ancient trade routes.

Mountains weren't just landmarks. They were BRANDS. ๐Ÿ—ปSumerian cuneiform tablet showing the term "Meluhha" referring to ancient India
Oct 19 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 4 min read
1/ Ever heard of Vasantsena? The legendary courtesan from Sudrakaโ€™s Sanskrit play โ€œMrichchhakatikaโ€ (The Little Clay Cart) โ€“ a woman who broke stereotypes & redefined love in ancient Indian drama. ๐Ÿงต๐Ÿ‘‡ This sculpture is on display at the National Museum, has a back and front scene - on one side the beautiful Vasantasena creeps away into the night, with her anklets hitched to her knees so that she may make no sound. She holds her arms high, using her garment to hide her identity and revealing the secret tryst she is on. Her attendant holds a parasol behind her alluding to her important position. She is the heroine of a famous Sanskrit play called Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart) Directly behind this panel is a drunk Vasantasena, youth incarnate and shown full busted, bejewelled and b... 2/ Located in Ujjayini, โ€œMrichchhakatikaโ€ focuses not on deities or royalty, but on everyday individualsโ€”an altruistic yet impoverished Brahmin named Charudatta, an astute courtesan called Vasantsena, as well as ambitious politicians and street scoundrels. Image
Oct 11 โ€ข 9 tweets โ€ข 4 min read
1/ Who was Chand Bibi? Around 1550, Chand Bibi emerged as the regent for the Sultanates of Bijapur and Ahmednagar. Fluent in multiple languages, a talented artist, and a fierce warrior, she stood out as a remarkable figure during the Deccan's challenging times. #History #WomenInPowerChand Bibi Hawking with Attendants in a Landscape ca. 1700  Chand Bibi was a legendary queen of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan, who valiantly defended her fortress against the Mughal army in the sixteenth century. Her image became a popular subject in Deccani painting, and she is frequently depicted hawking, as in this work. Here she rides a white horse, whose lower half has been colored red with henna to symbolize its wading through blood (or bravery in battle). Three female attendants accompany her on foot; one holds up a ceremonial sunshade behind the queen while another leads the way ahead of... 2/ Raised in royal grandeur, the daughter of Hussain Nizam Shah I excelled in a diverse array of languages like Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Marathi, and Kannada. Her talents extended to the sitar, painting, and even the game of poloโ€”skills that were exceptional for women of her stature during that era. #GemsOfIndologyImage
Image
Oct 2 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 4 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ ๐Ÿงต Thread: The European Genocide of the Selk'nam โ€” Tierra del Fuegoโ€™s Forgotten People

The Selk'nam were indigenous to the remote Tierra del Fuego archipelago in South America. Around 4,000 strong in the 1880s, within 50 years, they were nearly wiped out. Why? Because European foreigner settlers saw them as obstacles to colonization.

Tag this to your favourite european occupiers in South America #Selknam #GenocideImage 2๏ธโƒฃ In 1520, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for Spain, first saw Tierra del Fuego, naming it the "Land of Fire" due to numerous coastal fires lit by Indigenous peoples. Among them were the Selk'nam, also known as Ona or Onawo, one of the four tribes present when Europeans arrived.Image
Sep 27 โ€ข 18 tweets โ€ข 8 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ Did you know early human societies around 5000 BCE may have had more balanced or even female-skewed populations? Archaeological sites like Escoural Cave in Portugal reveal more women than men buried, hinting at goddess-worshipping, egalitarian cultures. Imagine a world led by the divine feminine! How does that contrast with what we see today

#Thread #Patriarchy #matriarchy how it shaped the world around.Image 2๏ธโƒฃ Fast forward to 3000 BCE, the Bronze Age Steppe migrations changed everything. These male-heavy migrant groups (up to 14 men for every woman!) swept across Europe, bringing patriarchal Indo-European cultures. This massive male influx reshaped societies and sidelined earlier goddess-centric beliefs. Could migration be a key driver of social change?Image
Sep 19 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 5 min read
1. Thread: The Forgotten Names of the Bay of Bengal โ€“ A Journey Through Time ๐Ÿงต๐Ÿ‘‡

๐ŸŒŠ Most people know it as the Bay of Bengal. But did you know it once had many other names? The story of this bay is as ancient, diverse, and contested as Indian heritage itself

* maps AI generated and not politicalImage @narendramodi @PMOIndia @mygovindia @IndicMeenakshi 2. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ In Vedic and classical Indian texts, this vast water body was called "Mahodadhi" (the great ocean), "Vangasagara" (Bengal Sea), and "Purvapayodhi" (Eastern Sea). These names reflect the immense cultural and maritime legacy of the eastern coast Image
Sep 17 โ€ข 11 tweets โ€ข 7 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ ๐Ÿงต Thread: The Ancient Burial Jar Tradition from Assam to Indonesia - A Journey Through Time and Culture ๐Ÿ‘‡

Did you know? Across Asia, from Northeast India to Indonesia, ancient cultures practiced fascinating burial customs using massive stone and ceramic jars to honor their dead. These burial jars reveal secrets about trade, beliefs, and connections over 2,000 years ago!

More intriguining is that these gigantic jars are made out of rock. How they achieved this feat is mysterious.
#ArchaeologyImage
Image
2๏ธโƒฃ
2/ In Assam, India, the mysterious megalithic stone jars of Dima Hasao date back to 400+ BCE. Some jars stand over 3 meters tall, carved from sandstone, placed on hilltops! The largest site โ€” Nuchubunglo โ€” houses 546 jars, the biggest collection worldwide yet lacking research #AssamHeritage

Key Assam Sites:
-Nuchubunglo (Bolasan): 546 stone jars - the world's largest concentration
-Hojai Dobongling (Derebore): Original site documented in 1929
-Lower Chaikam: 35 jars discovered in 2020
-Herakilo: 10 jars found during recent surveys
-Longkhai Hamrim Hading: Single weathered jar with human remainsImage
Image
Sep 14 โ€ข 12 tweets โ€ข 9 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ The Archaeological Survey of India won't reveal the true story of Rohtasgarh Fort.

- Ancient Times: Legend has it that Rohtasgarh was established by Rohitashva, the son of the mythical Suryavanshi ruler Harishchandra, which inspired the area's name. However, since there are no definitive ruins from before the 7th century, its early history remains enigmatic.

Imagery AI CreatedImage
Image
2๏ธโƒฃ An ancient inscription traces back to Mahasamanta Shashankadava, believed to be connected to Shashanka, the Gauda monarch. Around the 13th century, the Khayaravala dynasty, which likely had ties to local Kharwar tribes, governed the area. A notable inscription from 1223 CE references Shri Pratapa, who triumphed over a Muslim "Yavana" force. The royal seal features a humped bull as its emblem.Image
Sep 13 โ€ข 5 tweets โ€ข 2 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ In Goa, Hindu communities embrace an age-old custom of venerating anthills, considering them sacred representations of the Earth Goddess. Locally referred to as Sateri (Santeri), Bhoomika, Ela, among other names, these anthills are honored as symbols of mother earth's divinity. The village name "Bhoma" in Goa is rooted in this reverence, connecting back to Bhoomi (Earth). One notable example is the revered anthill in Virnoda, Goa.Image 2๏ธโƒฃ The revered structures are termite mounds, not ant hills, as termites and ants are biologically different species. In Konkani, "roโ€™in" signifies anthills, which historically connects to the Austric-rooted word "Rono," meaning "full of holes." Image
Sep 12 โ€ข 19 tweets โ€ข 25 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ # Victorian Code of Modesty: A Thread on Female Status and personal Life vs Men

## The Hidden Reality Behind Victorian "Virtue"

The Victorian era (1837-1901) created one of history's most elaborate systems of female subjugation, disguised as moral protection. While we often picture prudish women fainting at exposed ankles, the reality was a calculated legal, medical, and social framework that stripped women of personhood while claiming to honor their virtue.

This should be bookmarked for future references. RT maxImage 2๏ธโƒฃ ## The Doctrine of Separate Spheres: Biology as Destiny

Victorian society was built on the "doctrine of separate spheres"- the belief that men and women were naturally designed for completely different roles:

**Men's Domain:**
- Public sphere (politics, business, law, commerce)
- Active, rational, progressive nature
- Financial providers and decision-makers
- Natural sexual beings with legitimate desires

**Women's Domain:**
- Private sphere (home, family, religion)
- Passive, emotional, nurturing nature
- Moral guardians without sexual feelings
- Dependent beings requiring male protection

This wasn't merely social convention - Victorians believed it was **biological destiny**[4]. As one Victorian theorist declared: "The man's power is active, progressive, defensive... but the woman's power is for rule, not for battle"[5].Image
Sep 12 โ€ข 7 tweets โ€ข 3 min read
1๏ธโƒฃ What is Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC)?

AKTC is a philanthropic agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), founded in 1988 in Geneva, Switzerland, with the aim to revitalize historic cities, conserve monuments, and leverage culture for community development. Image 2๏ธโƒฃ Who Founded AKTC?

AKTC was created by His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan IV, the 49th hereditary Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, as part of AKDNโ€™s broader mandate to improve welfare in Asia and Africa. Image