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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 16, 2023 • 9 tweets • 7 min read • Read on X
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INFLUENZA A ... H3N2
I DON'T LIKE THIS ONE !

Since its emergence in 1968, H3N2 has undergone a considerable number of mutations. It is, in a way the "Omicron" of HxNx viruses with several types :
- H3N2 HUMAN, which was the main strain this winter 2022/23 with in US (CDC) :
2) H3N2 SWINE, which evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift, and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed between one and four million people globally.
3) H3N2 AVIAN, which infects birds and mammals.

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…
4) H3N2 CANINE, which was identified in Asia during the 2000s with a mutation that adapted from its avian influenza origins and was recently detected in US.

"Canine influenza is on the rise among dogs in Philadelphia area"
inquirer.com/news/canine-in…
5) So far, these different types are distinct at the antigenic level with little transmission from one species to another.

journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JV…
and
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
6) Nevertheless H3N2 continues to mutate very rapidly including in humans.

"Prevalence and mechanisms of evolutionary contingency in human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase"
nature.com/articles/s4146…
7) It is urgent to monitor and above all, to go faster in the preparation of vaccines against all HxNx.

"Ferret model to mimic the sequential exposure of humans to historical H3N2 influenza viruses"

sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
8) As the risk does not only concern H3N2, we can have also recombinants, for example with for example H5N1.
Thanks for reading.

"Reassortment between avian H5N1 and human H3N2 influenza viruses creates hybrid viruses with substantial virulence"
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…
@MeetJess @RadCentrism @HarrySpoelstra @DavidJoffe64 @arijitchakrav @C_A_Gustave
@1goodtern @TRyanGregory @Antonio_Caramia @gianlucac1 @MarionKoopmans @PeacockFlu @mrmickme @outbreakupdates

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 29
Why is Identifying "Non-Trivial SARS-CoV-2 Population Structure within Hosts" Important for Understanding SARS-COV-2 Evolution and the Emergence of New Variants?

journals.plos.org/plospathogens/…Image
2) The "non-trivial population structure" refers to the viral population within a host consisting of two or more distinct, independently evolving subpopulations, rather than a single, homogeneous population. Image
3) The key points about non-trivial population structure are:
▶️ It was relatively common, found in 5 out of the 9 chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection cases examined.
▶️ It was more prevalent in severely immunocompromised individuals compared to those not significantly immunocompromised Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 26
No, Omicron is not the "humanized" SARS-COV-2 !

(Explanation in simple terms)
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) Viruses are not living things. They are tiny particles that can only make copies of themselves inside the cells of living things, like humans. When a virus makes copies of itself, it doesn't always make perfect copies.
3) Sometimes, little mistakes happen, and the new virus has a small change, or mutation, in its genes.

Most of the time, these mutations don't do anything useful for the virus. But every now and then, a mutation might happen that makes the virus better at infecting people. Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 26
"What if humans had sent SARS-COV-2 into space, or even brought COVID-19 along for astronauts?"

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) This study looks at the risks of COVID-19 for people traveling to space.

Space travel is becoming more common, with over 600 people having gone to space. But COVID-19 could be a big problem for astronauts in the unique environment of space. Image
3) The study aims to understand how COVID-19 might behave differently in space compared to on Earth.

The researchers reviewed studies on other airborne diseases in space. They found that some diseases, like Epstein-Barr virus and Serratia bacteria ... Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 24
From Lung Damage to Gut Dysbiosis:
The Lasting Implications of SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Microbiome Changes (From Wuhan strain to Omicron)
labanimres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…Image
2) The Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 caused serious damage to the lungs of infected mice. The mice had a very high chance of dying from this strain. The researchers also looked at the bacteria in the lungs and guts of the infected mice. Image
3) The Wuhan strain increased harmful bacteria like E. coli in the lungs. This can make the lungs more prone to other infections.

The Omicron variant caused different changes in the gut bacteria of the mice. It increased certain bacteria linked to inflammation in the gut. Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 23
What are GAMMA CORONAVIRUSES ?
And why did we decide to talk about it? Image
Image
2) A brief reminder :

▶️ SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family Coronaviridae, is classified as a coronavirus and is responsible for COVID-19
▶️ Bird Flu refers to various strains of the influenza virus, particularly those in the Orthomyxoviridae family including H5N1 and H7N9. Image
3) ▶️ Gammacoronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae like SARS-COV-2.

Some notable gammacoronaviruses include:
- Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV): A major pathogen in poultry responsible for respiratory disease and reduced egg production. Image
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 21
A TREATMENT that Could Finally END Long COVID Suffering ?

This isn't the first time a treatment has been announced, and as millions continue to struggle with long Covid, we need to remain both cautious and hopeful 🤗 Image
2) Researchers at WEHI announced that they discovered a new drug that can stop long COVID symptoms in mice. This drug is more effective than the current top treatment, Paxlovid, for both long COVID and acute COVID cases. Image
3) They focused on a specific protein called PLpro that other treatments haven't targeted well. This breakthrough could lead to new medicines for long COVID, a condition where people continue to feel sick long after their COVID-19 infection. Image
Read 4 tweets

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