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Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Feb 16, 2023 • 9 tweets • 7 min read • Read on X

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INFLUENZA A ... H3N2
I DON'T LIKE THIS ONE !

Since its emergence in 1968, H3N2 has undergone a considerable number of mutations. It is, in a way the "Omicron" of HxNx viruses with several types :
- H3N2 HUMAN, which was the main strain this winter 2022/23 with in US (CDC) :

2) H3N2 SWINE, which evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift, and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed between one and four million people globally.

3) H3N2 AVIAN, which infects birds and mammals.

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…

4) H3N2 CANINE, which was identified in Asia during the 2000s with a mutation that adapted from its avian influenza origins and was recently detected in US.

"Canine influenza is on the rise among dogs in Philadelphia area"
inquirer.com/news/canine-in…

5) So far, these different types are distinct at the antigenic level with little transmission from one species to another.

journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JV…
and
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

6) Nevertheless H3N2 continues to mutate very rapidly including in humans.

"Prevalence and mechanisms of evolutionary contingency in human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase"
nature.com/articles/s4146…

7) It is urgent to monitor and above all, to go faster in the preparation of vaccines against all HxNx.

"Ferret model to mimic the sequential exposure of humans to historical H3N2 influenza viruses"

sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

8) As the risk does not only concern H3N2, we can have also recombinants, for example with for example H5N1.
Thanks for reading.

"Reassortment between avian H5N1 and human H3N2 influenza viruses creates hybrid viruses with substantial virulence"
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…

@MeetJess

@MeetJess @RadCentrism @HarrySpoelstra @DavidJoffe64 @arijitchakrav @C_A_Gustave
@1goodtern @TRyanGregory @Antonio_Caramia @gianlucac1 @MarionKoopmans @PeacockFlu @mrmickme @outbreakupdates

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Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Nov 6

**THE AGE OF PANZOONOTICS**

In the world of infectious diseases, panzoonotic diseases stand out for their ability to spread between multiple animal species and from animals to humans, revealing our interconnectedness.

What MAKES COVID-19 a UNIQUE PANZOONOTIC?

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1814701079432401114?s=19

2)To grasp this, we must acknowledge the major panzoonotics that have influenced public health: Rabies (spanning 190 species) , COVID-19 (58 species), and avian influenza (48 species).
While COVID-19 is prominent, other diseases ...

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1814701079432401114?s=19

3)... like Ebola or Zika illustrate this complex transmission. Bacterial panzoonotics, such as brucellosis or leptospirosis further emphasize the diverse threats we face.

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Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Nov 6

The FALSE FRIENDS and MISCONCEPTIONS about COVID-19

COVID-19 is a winter virus? Apparently, June 2025 was winter in the UK! Who knew?

2) It mainly affects old people. But did you know that if you’re under 6 months old, you’re considered “old” in COVID terms?

3) And about that low mortality rate—432 deaths per million for those over 80 is “low”? If that’s low, what does “high” even look like?

Read 4 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Oct 21

What Are the KEY DIFFERENCES That Make SARS-CoV-2 UNIQUE Among RESPIRATORY VIRUSES Like INFLUENZA and RHINOVIRUSES?

▶️ TRANSMISSION MECHANISM :
- **SARS-CoV-2** primarily spreads through aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces. It has a longer viral shedding period ...

2) ...which can lead to asymptomatic spread.
- **Influenza**: Also spreads via respiratory droplets, but typically has a shorter contagious period and less asymptomatic transmission compared to SARS-CoV-2.

3) - **Rhinoviruses**: Mainly spread through direct contact and respiratory droplets but are often more localized to the upper respiratory tract.

▶️ INFECTIOUS DOSE:
- **SARS-CoV-2**: Can be infectious with a lower viral load, which may contribute to its rapid spread.

Read 20 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Oct 14

SPERM, STRESS, and the NEXT GENERATION:
The Long-Term Anxious Legacy of COVID-19 and potential impact on Millions of Kids

A recent study in Nature reveals that mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited changes in their sperm that led to increased anxiety levels in their offspring

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1762513617071624401?s=19

2) We had already warned several times about the risks of COVID-19 on sperm.

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1762513617071624401?s=19

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Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Aug 28

IS SARS-CoV-2 BECOMING "INVISIBLE"? The Hidden Truth Behind the Pandemic

As the world strives to move past the COVID-19 pandemic, a troubling narrative has emerged: the perception that SARS-CoV-2 is becoming "invisible."

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1639811506412965890?s=19

2) Governments and communities are eager to return to normalcy, leading to a tendency to downplay the virus's severity. Reports of new infections and long COVID cases have been totally minimized, creating a false sense of security ...

https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1639811506412965890?s=19

3) ...that the virus is no longer a significant threat. However, this perception is not only a matter of public sentiment. The virus itself has evolved, most notably with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Recent research reveals that Omicron exhibits a remarkable ability ...

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