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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 16, 2023 • 9 tweets • 7 min read • Read on X
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INFLUENZA A ... H3N2
I DON'T LIKE THIS ONE !

Since its emergence in 1968, H3N2 has undergone a considerable number of mutations. It is, in a way the "Omicron" of HxNx viruses with several types :
- H3N2 HUMAN, which was the main strain this winter 2022/23 with in US (CDC) :
2) H3N2 SWINE, which evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift, and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed between one and four million people globally.
3) H3N2 AVIAN, which infects birds and mammals.

frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…
4) H3N2 CANINE, which was identified in Asia during the 2000s with a mutation that adapted from its avian influenza origins and was recently detected in US.

"Canine influenza is on the rise among dogs in Philadelphia area"
inquirer.com/news/canine-in…
5) So far, these different types are distinct at the antigenic level with little transmission from one species to another.

journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JV…
and
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
6) Nevertheless H3N2 continues to mutate very rapidly including in humans.

"Prevalence and mechanisms of evolutionary contingency in human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase"
nature.com/articles/s4146…
7) It is urgent to monitor and above all, to go faster in the preparation of vaccines against all HxNx.

"Ferret model to mimic the sequential exposure of humans to historical H3N2 influenza viruses"

sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
8) As the risk does not only concern H3N2, we can have also recombinants, for example with for example H5N1.
Thanks for reading.

"Reassortment between avian H5N1 and human H3N2 influenza viruses creates hybrid viruses with substantial virulence"
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…
@MeetJess @RadCentrism @HarrySpoelstra @DavidJoffe64 @arijitchakrav @C_A_Gustave
@1goodtern @TRyanGregory @Antonio_Caramia @gianlucac1 @MarionKoopmans @PeacockFlu @mrmickme @outbreakupdates

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 28
IS SARS-CoV-2 BECOMING "INVISIBLE"? The Hidden Truth Behind the Pandemic

As the world strives to move past the COVID-19 pandemic, a troubling narrative has emerged: the perception that SARS-CoV-2 is becoming "invisible." Image
2) Governments and communities are eager to return to normalcy, leading to a tendency to downplay the virus's severity. Reports of new infections and long COVID cases have been totally minimized, creating a false sense of security ...
3) ...that the virus is no longer a significant threat. However, this perception is not only a matter of public sentiment. The virus itself has evolved, most notably with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Recent research reveals that Omicron exhibits a remarkable ability ... Image
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 27
Your brain is lying to you !
2) Image
3) Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 16
VIRUS TEAM-UP:
How SARS-CoV-2 Keeps Cells alive to Spread, Increase Disease Severity and Aid Influenza! 😰
advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ad…Image
2) This research shows that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, stops infected cells from dying. Normally, when cells die, it helps stop viruses from spreading. By keeping these cells alive longer, SARS-CoV-2 allows itself to multiply and also helps other viruses ... Image
3) ... like influenza A, grow more easily.
When someone has both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A, the two viruses can make a person much sicker. The immune system gets overwhelmed, leading to more inflammation and damage to the lungs. Image
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 8
ENTROPY UNLEASHED:
How Viral Protein Interactions Drive Coronavirus Adaptation in Bats and Humans

Entropy, in a general sense, refers to the level of disorder or randomness in a system.
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) When we talk about protein interactions and viral behavior, entropy can be viewed as a measure of how complex and varied these interactions are.

In the context of the study about coronavirus interactions in bat and human cells, here's a simplified breakdown. Image
3) **Complex Interactions**: The study identifies how proteins from the coronavirus interact with host cells (both bats and humans). These interactions can be highly ordered (low entropy) or more chaotic (high entropy). Image
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 5
COVID-19 and/or SARS-CoV-2
(opinion)

Patients care most about how COVID-19 affects their health and daily life, including for those with long COVID. Scientists focus on understanding the virus to find better treatments. Both views are important for dealing with the pandemic. Image
2) I'm bringing up this topic because, after talking so much about the disease, its long-term effects, treatments, and vaccines, many people have forgotten that we are dealing with the most dangerous virus humanity has ever faced.
3) What inspired me is this article about chaos theory and quantum mechanics and how it can help us to better understand SARS-CoV-2

A new study found a way to link them by showing that gravity may come from the disorder or "entropy" of matter and energy.
interestingengineering.com/science/quantu…
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Aug 1
INSIDE OUR INFECTED CELLS.
How SARS-COV-2 stealthy hijacks our cellular sanctuaries (organelles) ?
🤓 Visual explanations

Organelles provide the possibility for the virus to organize its RNA in PROTECTED structures, concentrate REPLICATION machinery ...
nature.com/articles/s4146…Image
2) ...compartmentalize the replication process, and hide from immune detection.

Figure 1g - The large perinuclear clusters of viral RNA demonstrate how the viral RNA is organized into PROTECTED structures. Image
2) Figure 3d- The nanoscale puncta of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12) within and around the viral RNA clusters show the concentration of REPLICATION machinery. Image
Read 5 tweets

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