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Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
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Mar 4 • 25 tweets • 7 min read
Hi! Want to get caught up on some of my past threads about the 2023 #TurkeySyriaEarthquake?

Here are some links.

1) A summary of the tectonic setting, published just after the first earthquake.

2) A discussion of why the shaking that people feel is different in different places...

3) ...and a great visual highlighting the importance of basin amplification.

4) A visual comparing aftershocks in Turkey to other seismic sequences around the world.

5) An overall assessment of what happened in the earthquakes and what that means for continued hazard in different areas.

6) An assessment of the current seismic situation in Adana.

7) An assessment of the current and historical seismic situation along the Dead Sea Fault.

8) An assessment of the current seismic situation around Gaziantep.

9) An assessment of the current seismic situation near Kayseri.

10) An assessment of what the earthquakes in Turkey mean for Cyprus.

11) Information about possible lower hazard along the eastern East Anatolian Fault.

12) A discussion of seismic hazard near Istanbul (part 1).

13) And more discussion of the seismic hazard near Istanbul (part 2).

14) Some maps and resources for Syria, which has been less studied that Turkey.

15) An explanation about how we think about seismic hazard around the world.

16) A summary of what data earthquake scientists use to study earthquakes after they happen.

17) An explanation of why we can't predict earthquakes in general, and...

18) An explanation for why we couldn't have specifically forecast the earthquakes in Turkey either.

19) A visual highlighting how buildings in nearby areas may have different responses to earthquakes, highlighting the importance of building safety.

20) A thorough report describing building and infrastructure damage in the earthquakes.

21) Links to handbooks about earthquake preparedness, in both Turkish and English.

22) An explanation for how to access recent satellite imagery and real-time earthquake data in Google Earth for free.

23) An analysis of a landslide that was triggered by the earthquakes.

24) The importance and challenges of seismic networks.

25) A discussion that includes triggered cascades of earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault.

• • •

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More from @JudithGeology

Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 4
This image is remarkable, and it is a good example of how hard it is to forecast earthquakes.

What is it? The image shows how the land moved over a period of six years BEFORE the earthquakes, by looking at the difference in radar scans collected by satellites.

1/
These images can capture the movement of the tectonic plates in great detail. Here, since the relative plate motion here is ~10 mm/yr, the difference between green and blue colored areas is ~6 cm.

2/
It's not the full tectonic movement - because the satellites take pictures at an angle, the image is insensitive to movement in one direction. In this case, it cannot show N-S movement (that's probably why the Dead Sea Fault does not show any color difference).

3/
Read 26 tweets
Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 3
Gaziantep has become a well-known city due to its proximity to the epicenter of the Mw7.8 earthquake on Feb 6.

What can we say about its hazard now?

1/
On Feb. 6, people in Gaziantep probably felt shaking intensities of 6-7 - high, but not the extreme shaking felt closer to the fault.

Why? Although earthquake started near Gaziantep, the rupture mostly propagated onto a fault further away.

2/
earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/ev…
There have been many aftershocks near the epicenter and along the fault, so I'm sure that people in Gaziantep have continued to feel shaking in the last few weeks.

However, those aftershocks are mostly not located at Gaziantep itself.

3/
Read 7 tweets
Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 3
Wow! This could be good news for areas on the East Anatolian fault, east of the latest earthquake rupture.

Parts of the fault are creeping - that means that as tectonic stress builds up, the fault moves a little in response, too slowly to generate shaking.

1/
This "siphons off" some of the potential slip rather than storing it for future earthquakes.

The paper is not yet released - so I have not read it yet - but it is accepted for publication.

2/
How can the authors tell that it is creeping? The red and blue colors show the tectonic movements. For a locked fault, the change from red to blue is over a wide region - the crust is getting stretched.

With creep, it is a sharp boundary. That is what the eastern EAF shows.

3/
Read 7 tweets
Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 2
This is a natural question - Göksun is only ~100 km from Kayseri, so aftershocks there must seem scary!

Looking at a fault map is more reassuring.

1/
The two large earthquakes on Feb 6 occurred SE of Kayseri - not too close, but close enough to feel both.

2/
People in Kayseri probably felt shaking of intensity ~5-6 during both Feb. 6 earthquakes. That means: nearly everyone felt them, perhaps enough to wake up. Dishes and windows broken, some heavy furniture moved. Slight damage.

3/ ImageImage
Read 21 tweets
Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 2
Looking at this graphic some more, I'm struck by the choice of earthquakes.

The only strike-slip events on here (I think) are Turkey 2023, Pakistan 2013, Haiti 2021, and Haiti 2010.

Does it make sense to compare across fault types?...
...Comparing within "strike-slip" types, there's a huge variation. I would expect Turkey to have a lot of aftershocks given rupture on two faults. But Pakistan and Haiti 2021 have awfully low productivity compared to everything else.
...
...What studies look at aftershock productivity for strike-slip faults specifically?

This paper is interesting; it states:

agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/20…
Read 5 tweets
Dr. Judith Hubbard Profile picture
Mar 1
This is very cool! GPS stations track their locations by self-locating using satellites. We use these to "see" tectonic movements year to year, and to measure displacements in earthquakes.

But it looks like we can also use them to measure shaking in earthquakes!

1/
This only works for high-rate, continuous GPS - stations that record their locations at least 5 times per second. Because they measure their locations so frequently, they record how the ground is moving during the quake.

2/
This data can complement data from seismometers in two ways: (1) they add new measurements in different places, where there aren't seismometers, and (2) this kind of data can't be "clipped," which can be a problem when sensitive seismometers experience too much shaking.

3/
Read 8 tweets

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