As pit bulls have become more common, their representation in dog fatalities has grown, as have the per capita rates of dog fatalities and injuries.
In 1979-1998, pit bulls were a quarter as common as now, but they were still responsible for a large % of deaths. The premiere "aggressive dog" at the time was the Rottweiler, and despite its reputation, bad owners, and far greater numbers, it didn't kill as many as the pit bull.
And this isn't due to mix-ups. We used to have data separating purebred pit bulls from crossbred ones.
Crossbred pit bulls are fortunately now more common, but they used to be the less common variety. It's fortunate because the mixing means less violence per dog.
More recently, in the deadliest states with respect to dog attacks, it's clear that pit bulls are to blame for most dog fatalities.
A major part of why pit bulls are such outliers is that, where we have data, it appears they kill people at a wider - older - range of ages.
52% of all dog fatalities are of people ≥10 while 72% of pit bull fatalities are, versus 28% for the ~94% from all other breeds combined
Despite aggressive dogs and bad owners being a thing forever, the switch from Rottweilers and the like to the pit bull has been destructive for this reason
Dog fatalities used to be a problem for children alone, but due to pit bulls they are now largely a problem for people ≥10
Pit bulls are not deadly because they're strong. Many breeds are stronger. They are deadly for the reason fighters want them: tenacity.
"Pit Bull" here is a mix, but the broader label applies to the APBT, American Staffordshire Terrier, and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.
This is something that's difficult for police to get dogs to adopt through the rigorous training they're subjected to. Most fail! Because it's been bred into pit bulls, it's much more reliably observed in that breed.
Other BSL'd breeds are also often extremely tenacious.
Here's a previous post with the relative risks of fatalities by breed.
"Without Mohammed, Charlemagne would have been inconceivable."
This quote describes Pirenne's thesis that Antiquity—the period when economic activity concentrated in the Mediterranean—ended because the rise of Islam destroyed the flow of trade across it.
The decline in trade that resulted from differences in faith had profound consequences for the economic geography of Europe.
Byzantine economic activity depended on trade, and it collapsed, whereas the Frankish economy, which was never trade-dependent, transformed.
The Byzantines' minting stalled and the Arabs' and Franks' increased (perhaps partly because they were cut off from one another!), providing each of their states with divergent trends in seignorage revenues and a widening gulf in the ability to fund the government.
Robustness tests are supposed to show a study's results hold up no matter how you reasonably change the specification
But we live in a world with p-hacking, and people p-hack robustness tests
Compared to unshown robustness tests (blue), what we get is suspiciously significant!
This is the distribution of z-values for different tests in economics papers, coupled with the robustness tests their authors presented, and other, plausible robustness tests they didn't.
Clearly people p-hack, and they p-hack tests that are supposed to make us think they didn't
It's sad this is the case. Were it not, it might be useful to get a surprising, marginally-significant result, and then show that it holds up across different permutations of the results
But because the robustness tests shown are selective, their potential utility is unrealized
Let's talk about the glass delusion, the Middle Ages' bout with a mass psychogenic illness marked by people believing they were made of glass.
Glass was a valuable commodity in Europe. It was primarily owned by the noble and well-to-do, and it had a notable purpose in alchemy.
Its perception as the technology of the time was as one that's both fragile and valuable, like the nobility.
Glass was the relatively novel technology people knew, and they knew things could be transmuted into glass. Delusional people also thought transmutation could affect them.
The massive increase in homicides in the last week of May of 2020 started in the days after George Floyd's death.
The Floyd Effect principally refers to the impact of George Floyd's death on homicide numbers in the U.S. through diverse mechanisms, such as reduced cooperation with police, reduced police activity, presence, and willingness to confront potential criminals, and maybe more.
The effect primarily occurred due to an increase in firearm violence that was largely isolated to African Americans. The effect is timed to the
College students make or are forced to make suboptimal choices about the times their classes take place🧵
For students who register for 8AM classes, about a third wake up after class starts, and almost 40% wake up too late to get to class on time.
People's internal rhythms aren't things they just choose, they're somewhat out of their control because they're synced up with day-night cycles.
Consider this, showing the amount of time 8AM class-takers sleep on school days vs weekends (gray), measured through logins at school.
If you compare those 8AM class-takers to 9AM students, you see that the ones who registered for 9AM classes sleep longer, but both sleep similar lengths on weekends.