On #YomHashoah: Zvi Kolitz's "Yosl Rakover Speaks to God", set in the last days of the Warsaw Ghetto, a calligraphic manuscript commissioned by a French Jew, with his note on the flyleaf: "To the 26 members of my family who died after deportation 1942-1945". 1/
In "Yosl Rakover", written in Yiddish by Kolitz in 1946 and set In the final days of the Warsaw Ghetto, Rakover, a pious Jew challenges God "And so, my God, before I die, freed from all fear, beyond all terror, [...], I will allow myself to call you to account one last time." 2/
Rakover ends, saying: "I believe in the God of Israel even when he has done everything to make me cease to believe in him" & then, in the seconds before his death: “Sh’ma Yisroel! Hear, Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord is one. Into Your hands O Lord I commend my soul.” 3/
A second handwritten note describes the emotional impact of the text:
“I have read and re-read these terrible lines of Yossel of Tarnopol often. Every time I cried. I wanted to keep this cry of anguish forever and engrave it on my heart [...].
Dijon, 1965.”
This is all that remains of Zoli the Clown, a Jewish little person, once the most famous circus performer in Hungary, who perished, alongside 560 000 other Hungarian Jews, in the Holocaust.
Today, on Yom HaShoah, we should remember him.
This is his story. 1/
Zoltán Hirsch, "Zoli the Clown", was born on 6 Feb 1885, the third child of a family of Jewish merchants. Until the age of three he was treated for Rickets disease due to his small size. Later, his family moved to Pécs, where he became captivated by the world of the circus. 2/
Zoli spent his leisure time at his hometown Pécs’s major entertainment sites, the Schmitt Folk Arena Circus and the Pécs Vaudeville Theatre, where he obsessively attended all the shows and loitered backstage, eager to meet his idols, the acrobats & clowns who worked there. 3/
A donation to the Nunnery of St. Pierre-de-Salvétat [Monastère de filles de La Salvetat-les-Montdragon].
Written in Albigensian dialect [langue albigeoise, a local variant of the Languedocien dialect].
La Salvetat-les-Montdragon, Tarn, 7 February 1261. 1/
Salvetat-les-Montdragon. 2/
This Occitan charter first appeared in a Hiersemann catalogue of 1921 and then passed through some distinguished hands, including C.L. Ricketts. But it's stored in an early 20th century (?) folder with a German shelfmark I haven't as yet been able to trace: MS Kast. I No.4. 3/
Runestones can be maps, as well as text. The Ancient Norse used roadside runestones to indicate directions to the nearest church, mead-hall or slaughter-ground. Until the advent of GPS, Swedish motorists still used them on long trips to decide where to stop for lunch.
Of course not all runestones contained useful restaurant directions, but Swedish motoring magazines highlighted those that did, so that motorists could plan their trips accordingly.
As you'd expect, restauranteurs - particular those in remote areas - were keen to get into the act. Here, a local restaurant has rather cheekily posted their carte du jour right next to the runestone.
When we speak of the "Frisian language", we almost always mean West Frisian - but there are two other Frisian language families, North Frisian & East Frisian.
West Frisian has just under half a million speakers, North Frisian has 10000 and East Frisian has about 2000. 1/
West Frisian is spoken in the Dutch province of Friesland. North Frisian is spoken in the German district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein. The only surviving variant of East Frisian, Sater Frisian, is spoken in Saterland in the Lower Saxon district of Cloppenburg. 2/
The three Frisian language families are not mutually intelligible. Some linguists consider these three varieties, despite their mutual unintelligibility, to be dialects (or dialect families) of a single Frisian language, whereas others consider them to be separate languages. 3/
Old Prussian - not, as you might expect a Germanic language, but rather a now extinct Baltic one - survives in printed form in three extremely rare Lutheran catechisms printed in Königsberg in 1545, 1545 and 1561 respectively, of which the third is by far the most extensive. 1/
Here is the Lord's Prayer in Old Prussian, from the first of the 3 printed Lutheran catechisms, printed in Königsberg in 1545. 2/
This is the title page and the first 8 of the Ten Commandments in Old Prussian, from the first of the two 1545 catechisms. 3/
Abu Bakr Effendi’s "Bayân al-Dîn" written in a modified Arabic script and published in Istanbul in 1877, was the first substantive book printed in the Afrikaans language.
These are, AFAIK, the first ever digitized images of this rare book to have been placed online. 1/
Arabic has been used to transliterate local languages almost everywhere Islam has flourished (as, for the same reasons, has Hebrew).
What's significant about Arabic-Afrikaans though is that its use PREDATED the codification and writing down of Afrikaans by Dutch speakers. 2/
Abu Bakr Effendi's Bayân al-Dîn ['Uiteensetting van die godsdiens' or 'Exposition of the Religion'] was published by the Turkish Ministry of Education in 1877. The Afrikaans transliteration gives a good indication of the pronunciation of the language in the Cape at the time. 3/