Tivadar Danka Profile picture
Apr 22, 2023 15 tweets 5 min read Read on X
I described some of the most beautiful and famous mathematical theorems to Midjourney.

Here is how it imagined them:

1. "The set of real numbers is uncountably infinite." Image
2. The Baire category theorem: "In a complete metric space, the intersection of countably many dense sets remains dense." Image
3. Zorn's lemma: "A partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain necessarily contains at least one maximal element." Image
4. The fundamental theorem of calculus: "The integral of a function's derivative recovers the original function, up to a constant." Image
5. The Banach-Tarski paradox: "Decomposing a solid sphere into a finite number of disjoint subsets, and then reassembling those subsets to create two spheres identical to the original one." Image
6. "Every vector space has a Hamel basis." Image
7. The fundamental theorem of algebra: "Every non - constant polynomial equation has at least one complex root." Image
8. Gödel's incompleteness theorems: "In any formal system of axioms, there are true statements that cannot be proven within the system and the consistency of the system cannot be proven by its own axioms." Image
9. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic: "Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product of prime numbers." Image
10. Brouwer's fixed point theorem: "In any continuous transformation of a compact, convex set in Euclidean space, there is at least one point that remains fixed." Image
11. The central limit theorem: "The sum of a large number of independent and identically distributed random variables will be approximately normally distributed, regardless of the original distribution." Image
12. The Heine-Borel theorem: "The compact subsets of Euclidean space are precisely those that are closed and bounded." Image
13. The singular value decomposition: "Every matrix can be decomposed into the product of a unitary, a diagonal, and another unitary matrix." Image
14. Bonus: "The set of real numbers is uncountably infinite, in the style of Salvador Dali." Image
If you have enjoyed this thread, share it with your friends and give me a follow!

This is not my typical content: I usually post math explainers here. However, this was my first time trying out Midjourney. Now, I am hooked.

(Don't worry, I won't go into "AI influencer" mode.)

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More from @TivadarDanka

Nov 23
The single biggest argument about statistics: is probability frequentist or Bayesian?

It's neither, and I'll explain why.

Buckle up. Deep-dive explanation incoming. Image
First, let's look at what is probability.

Probability quantitatively measures the likelihood of events, like rolling six with a dice. It's a number between zero and one. This is independent of interpretation; it’s a rule set in stone. Image
In the language of probability theory, the events are formalized by sets within an event space.

The event space is also a set, usually denoted by Ω.) Image
Read 33 tweets
Nov 19
The single most undervalued fact of linear algebra: matrices are graphs, and graphs are matrices.

Encoding matrices as graphs is a cheat code, making complex behavior simple to study.

Let me show you how! Image
If you looked at the example above, you probably figured out the rule.

Each row is a node, and each element represents a directed and weighted edge. Edges of zero elements are omitted.

The element in the 𝑖-th row and 𝑗-th column corresponds to an edge going from 𝑖 to 𝑗.
To unwrap the definition a bit, let's check the first row, which corresponds to the edges outgoing from the first node. Image
Read 18 tweets
Oct 25
The following multiplication method makes everybody wish they had been taught math like this in school.

It's not just a cute visual tool: it illuminates how and why long multiplication works.

Here is the full story: Image
First, the method.

The first operand (21 in our case) is represented by two groups of lines: two lines in the first (1st digit), and one in the second (2nd digit).

One group for each digit.
Similarly, the second operand (32) is encoded with two groups of lines, one for each digit.

These lines are perpendicular to the previous ones.
Read 10 tweets
Oct 21
The way you think about the exponential function is wrong.

Don't think so? I'll convince you. Did you realize that multiplying e by itself π times doesn't make sense?

Here is what's really behind the most important function of all time: Image
First things first: terminologies.

The expression aᵇ is read "a raised to the power of b."

(Or a to the b in short.) Image
The number a is called the base, and b is called the exponent.

Let's start with the basics: positive integer exponents. By definition, aⁿ is the repeated multiplication of a by itself n times.

Sounds simple enough. Image
Read 18 tweets
Oct 20
In calculus, going from a single variable to millions of variables is hard.

Understanding the three main types of functions helps make sense of multivariable calculus.

Surprisingly, they share a deep connection. Let's see why: Image
In general, a function assigns elements of one set to another.

This is too abstract for most engineering applications. Let's zoom in a little! Image
As our measurements are often real numbers, we prefer functions that operate on real vectors or scalars.

There are three categories:

1. vector-scalar,
2. vector-vector,
3. and scalar-vector. Image
Read 16 tweets
Oct 19
The Law of Large Numbers is one of the most frequently misunderstood concepts of probability and statistics.

Just because you lost ten blackjack games in a row, it doesn’t mean that you’ll be more likely to be lucky next time.

What is the law of large numbers, then? Read on: Image
The strength of probability theory lies in its ability to translate complex random phenomena into coin tosses, dice rolls, and other simple experiments.

So, let’s stick with coin tossing.

What will the average number of heads be if we toss a coin, say, a thousand times?
To mathematically formalize this question, we’ll need random variables.

Tossing a fair coin is described by the Bernoulli distribution, so let X₁, X₂, … be such independent and identically distributed random variables. Image
Read 17 tweets

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