Tivadar Danka Profile picture
Apr 22, 2023 15 tweets 5 min read Read on X
I described some of the most beautiful and famous mathematical theorems to Midjourney.

Here is how it imagined them:

1. "The set of real numbers is uncountably infinite." Image
2. The Baire category theorem: "In a complete metric space, the intersection of countably many dense sets remains dense." Image
3. Zorn's lemma: "A partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain necessarily contains at least one maximal element." Image
4. The fundamental theorem of calculus: "The integral of a function's derivative recovers the original function, up to a constant." Image
5. The Banach-Tarski paradox: "Decomposing a solid sphere into a finite number of disjoint subsets, and then reassembling those subsets to create two spheres identical to the original one." Image
6. "Every vector space has a Hamel basis." Image
7. The fundamental theorem of algebra: "Every non - constant polynomial equation has at least one complex root." Image
8. Gödel's incompleteness theorems: "In any formal system of axioms, there are true statements that cannot be proven within the system and the consistency of the system cannot be proven by its own axioms." Image
9. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic: "Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product of prime numbers." Image
10. Brouwer's fixed point theorem: "In any continuous transformation of a compact, convex set in Euclidean space, there is at least one point that remains fixed." Image
11. The central limit theorem: "The sum of a large number of independent and identically distributed random variables will be approximately normally distributed, regardless of the original distribution." Image
12. The Heine-Borel theorem: "The compact subsets of Euclidean space are precisely those that are closed and bounded." Image
13. The singular value decomposition: "Every matrix can be decomposed into the product of a unitary, a diagonal, and another unitary matrix." Image
14. Bonus: "The set of real numbers is uncountably infinite, in the style of Salvador Dali." Image
If you have enjoyed this thread, share it with your friends and give me a follow!

This is not my typical content: I usually post math explainers here. However, this was my first time trying out Midjourney. Now, I am hooked.

(Don't worry, I won't go into "AI influencer" mode.)

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More from @TivadarDanka

Dec 4, 2023
Understanding graph theory will seriously enhance your engineering skills; you must absolutely be familiar with them.

Here's a graph theory quickstart, in collaboration with Alejandro Piad Morffis.

Read on: Image
What do the internet, your brain, the entire list of people you’ve ever met, and the city you live in have in common?

These are all radically different concepts, but they share a common trait.

They are all networks that establish relationships between objects. Image
As distinct as these things seem to be, they share common properties.

For example, the meaning of “distance” is different for

• physical networks,
• information netorks,
• orf social networks,

but in all cases, there is a sense in which some objects are “close” or “far”. Image
Read 15 tweets
Sep 13, 2023
Neural networks are stunningly powerful.

This is old news: deep learning is state-of-the-art in many fields, like computer vision and natural language processing. (But not everywhere.)

Why are neural networks so effective? I'll explain. Image
First, let's formulate the classical supervised learning task!

Suppose that we have a dataset D, where xₖ is a data point and yₖ is the ground truth. Image
The task is simply to find a function g(x) for which

• g(xₖ) is approximately yₖ,
• and g(x) is computationally feasible.

To achieve this, we fix a parametrized family of functions. For instance, linear regression uses this function family: Image
Read 19 tweets
Sep 12, 2023
A question we never ask:

"How large that number in the Law of Large Numbers is?"

Sometimes, a thousand samples are large enough. Sometimes, even ten million samples fall short.

How do we know? I'll explain. Image
First things first: the law of large numbers (LLN).

Roughly speaking, it states that the averages of independent, identically distributed samples converge to the expected value, given that the number of samples grows to infinity.

We are going to dig deeper. Image
There are two kinds of LLN-s: weak and strong.

The weak law makes a probabilistic statement about the sample averages: it implies that the probability of "the sample average falling farther from the expected value than ε" goes to zero for any ε.

Let's unpack this. Image
Read 15 tweets
Aug 24, 2023
With the power of mathematical induction, I'll prove that everyone has the same eye color.

Don't believe me? Read on.

(And see if you can spot the sleight of hand.) Image
To formalize the problem, define the proposition Aₙ by

Aₙ = "in a set of n people, everyone has the same eye color".

If n equals the human population of planet Earth, we get the original statement. We'll prove that Aₙ is true via induction. Image
Proof by induction works like climbing an infinite staircase.

First, we'll show A₁. Then, we'll show that if Aₙ is true, then Aₙ₊₁ is true as well.

This way, Aₙ is true for any positive integer via the chain of implications

A₁ → A₂ → ... → Aₙ. Image
Read 13 tweets
Aug 21, 2023
The single biggest argument about statistics: is probability frequentist or Bayesian? It's neither, and I'll explain why.

Buckle up. Deep-dive explanation incoming. Image
First, let's look at what is probability.

Probability quantitatively measures the likelihood of events, like rolling six with a dice. It's a number between zero and one. This is independent of interpretation; it’s a rule set in stone. Image
In the language of probability theory, the events are formalized by sets within an event space.

(The event space is also a set, usually denoted by Ω.) Image
Read 34 tweets
Aug 8, 2023
The Japanese multiplication method makes everybody feel "I wish they taught math like this in school."

It's not just a cute visual tool: it illuminates how and why long multiplication works.

Here is the full story. Image
First, the Japanese multiplication method.

The first operand (21 in our case) is represented by two groups of lines: two lines in the first (1st digit), and one in the second (2nd digit).

One group for each digit.
Similarly, the second operand (32) is encoded with two groups of lines, one for each digit.

These lines are perpendicular to the previous ones.
Read 11 tweets

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