John Crotty Profile picture
Apr 25, 2023 6 tweets 4 min read Read on X
In 1852, Cork was home to the largest prison in the world.

2461 convicts were officially assigned to Spike Island.

Almost 60% of Ireland’s male convict population, in 1 place.

How large does that make it?
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For starters, the prison remains the largest ever formal prison in Irish history.

Mountjoy opened in 1850.

Its 500 single cells were considered enormous for the time.

Spike Island was nearly 5 times that capacity, in the same decade.
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The prison is still the largest ever in British history.

HMP Oakwoad can hold 2106 prisoners, a behemoth.

HMP Five Wells cost over 250 Million to build, holding almost 1700 prisoners.

Both are 20% / 30% smaller than a prison on a Cork Island, 170 years ago
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Internationally, New York’s notorious Sing Sing prison grew from 800 to 1600 prisoners around the same time.

Fellow island prison Alcatraz became infamous, yet its population never exceeded 302.

That makes Spike Island’s peak figure 8 times larger.
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The number was surpassed in modern times.

As many as 10000 populate Rikers Island in New York, but it and many like it are being closed.

The dangers of so many prisoners in one location is clear.

They failed to learn from the super prison that was @SpikeIslandCork
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@SpikeIslandCork Read more about this penal mega structure, and the history that brought about its existence, here -

johncrottyauthor.com/the-largest-pr…

If you enjoyed this Irish history please retweet to share.

#Cork #History #Irishhistory
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More from @itsjohncrotty

Apr 17
The secret scriptorium of Spike Island Cork;

It’s long been known Spike Island was home to a monastery from 635ad

But since the 1950’s a new theory has emerged

Evidence that a sacred scriptorium operated on Spike Island

And now we think we know where (1) Image
The monastery has always been of interest

An important monks death is recorded in the Annals, 821ad

Research suggests it survived at least 500 years into the 13th century

But the monastery’s exact location was lost to us

The motivation to find it has increased (2) Image
The journey began in the 1950’s

Spanish researcher Manuel C. Diaz deemed an ancient Spanish manuscript was not Spanish at all

The ‘Liber de ordine creaturarum’ was of Irish origin

Years later Paul Grosjean stated it was associated with St Mochuda - Spike Islands founder (3) Image
Read 12 tweets
Mar 4
The military credentials of Spike Island Cork are remarkable

Yet most people don't know the enormous effort taken to secure the western approaches to the British Empire

Here is the story of an island fortified to defend an Empire (1) Image
For context, Spike Island is a 104 acre island outcrop in Cork Harbour

It had already been home to a monastery in the Celtic Sea from 635AD

A first prison arrived in the 1600's, holding Oliver Cromwell's POW's. More would follow

But its strategic importance was rising (2) Image
The military arrive in 1779 as the American War of Independence is raging

France joins on the American side creating a local threat for Britain

A first fortification is built on Spike Island, a battery of 18 cannons

A 206 year military occupation is underway (3) Image
Read 17 tweets
Sep 6, 2023
In 2020 workmen on Spike Island found a centuries old surprise

They were reopening the ‘Sallyport’

A tunnel under the forts walls, it connects the surrounding moat for strategic military purposes

It was blocked up to deter prisoner escapes, but it hid something else (1) Image
Halfway down the tunnel was an unexpected doorway

It was not on any maps or drawings of the 1804 fort

Shining a light into centuries of darkness revealed a stone spiral staircase

Intricate. Ornate. The work of master craftspeople (2) Image
Likely built after 1804, it winds it’s way to the top of the forts walls

Once upon a time, British redcoats patrolled for invading French ships

Now its summit is blocked by a metal manhole, overgrown

When the fort became a prison in 1847 it was sealed & forgotten (3) Image
Read 5 tweets
Jul 17, 2023
Spike Island Cork was the largest prison in the world in the early 1850's.

It wasn't just men within its walls.

Boys as young as 12 made up 10% of the population.

Here are some of the stories of Ireland's youngest ever offenders 🧵 (1) Image
For context, the punishment of juvenile offenders was standard practice in Victorian Ireland

Age 7 & under was considered incapable of criminal intent

Any older received adult treatment despite their youth

They even received the lash on entry & exit, an unforgettable ordeal (2 Image
Spike Island was the worse imaginable place for children

It became the largest prison in the world by 1853

The prison Chaplain would lament:

“The prison was overcrowded. The prisoners were like sheep in a pen. And most of them were as innocent as sheep" (3) Image
Read 12 tweets
Jul 11, 2023
85 years ago today, Spike Island was returned to Ireland.

Winston Churchill raged.

Eamon deValera celebrated.

Ireland rejoiced.

How did it come about? Who was there? How did a Cockney come to loggerheads with a Gaeltacht soldier?

The history of the Spike handover 🧵 (1)
For context, Ireland gained self determination for 26 counties after a brave War of Independence in 1921

Spike Island was retained as 1 of 3 Treaty ports

A British Military base since 1779, Cork Harbour were deemed too important to relinquish

Primarily by one man... (2)
Winston Churchill debated Collins and Co in 1921

He had visited Cork Harbour in 1912 as Head of the Admiralty

He understood the 2 century importance placed by British strategists on its role in protecting the Western Approaches

Churchill won in 1921

Dev watched & waited (3)
Read 24 tweets
Jun 26, 2023
Spike Island is Ireland's historic Island, worthy of UNESCO recognition.

Yet most people don't know its rich history, or global significance.

Here are 17 short tweets that explain why Ireland's Alcatraz will be known everywhere as a true world wonder... (1)
Ancient Island - The island is surrounded by some of the earliest excavations of human occupation in Ireland.

Inhabiting Cork Harbour, its almost certain the people of the Mesolithic visited the island, being accomplished boat people.

Future finds are likely (2)
The island was home to a monastery in 635AD.

It was a 'most holy place' of quiet refuge to commune closer with God.

Records indicate an impressive 500 years of occupation - maybe even 1000 years.

But there is more - much more - a centuries old secret (3)
Read 18 tweets

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