Constant REINFECTION and exposure to newer variants SHORTEN LIFESPAN of a majority of the exposed population, by inducing major changes in their lymphocytes, what is called LYMPHOCYTOPENIA !
2) Lymphopenia (also called lymphocytopenia) is a disorder in which your blood doesn't have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes, which play a protective role in your immune system.
3) Reference : nature.com/articles/s4139…
Fig. Peripheral blood lymphocytes are infected by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.
4) Fig. SARS-CoV-2 in vitro infection of T cell lines or primary T cells
5) Fig. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced apoptosis in T cells.
6) DISCUSSION
"Here, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infected T lymphocytes, mainly CD4 + T cells, in an ACE2-independent manner. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered pronounced T-cell death, which potentially contributed to lymphopenia in patients with COVID-19."
7) "T-cell infection may also pose profound influences on patients. Infected T lymphocytes not only lost the ability to control viral infection but may also carry viruses to other parts of the body through blood circulation."
2) Coronaviruses can exchange genetic material through recombination, but this mainly happens between closely related viruses within the same species. Recombination between distantly related coronaviruses is rare.
3) When recombination does occur between different coronavirus species, it is less likely to affect critical genome regions like ORF1. Instead, it more often impacts the 3' end of the genome, including proteins involved in host interactions.
COVID-19 patients show altered immune responses and neuropsychiatric symptoms. SEVERITY CORRELATES with GUT MICROBIOME changes, systemic inflammation, and mental health issues.
2) The study examined the connections between gut bacteria, immune responses, and physical/mental health symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. It found that many patients experienced significant physical problems, as well as high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress.
3) Interestingly, the severity of COVID-19 was linked to changes in the gut microbiome. Patients with more severe illness had lower diversity and richness of gut bacteria. Certain gut bacteria, like Mitsuokella jalaludinii, were associated with more physical symptoms, stress ...
2) This review discusses how various factors in the human body can affect a person's risk and severity of COVID-19.
Key points:
- Receptors like ACE2 and neuropilin-1 allow the virus to enter cells. Differences in these receptors due to genetics, age... can impact infection risk
3) - The immune system's response to the virus is crucial. Imbalances in immune signaling and inflammation can lead to severe COVID-19.
- Genetic variations in genes related to viral entry, immunity, and other pathways are linked to COVID-19 severity.
Why Post-COVID recovery seems faster after an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant ?
This study looked at factors affecting recovery from long-term COVID-19 symptoms, called post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). link.springer.com/article/10.100…
2) In this study, they used data from a large German study.
Key findings:
- Recovery was faster for people infected with Omicron or Delta variants compared to earlier strains.
3) - Once they accounted for the virus variant, vaccination status before infection did not independently affect recovery.
- Only about 37% of people with PCC had recovered within a year after infection.
SARS-COV-2 POPULATION IMMUNITY: EPITOPES, EPITOPES and EPITOPES !
An epitope is a small part of a molecule (like a protein) that the immune system recognizes and binds to, triggering a response. journals.plos.org/plospathogens/…
2) This study examined how the antibody response targets different parts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, depending on a person's prior infection and vaccination history. The researchers created a panel of mutant spike proteins to map the key epitopes ...
3) ...recognized by neutralizing antibodies. They found that primary infections with different variants elicited distinct antibody targeting patterns, highlighting the antigenic diversity between variants.
Time is of the essence: effectiveness of dairy farm control of H5N1 is limited by fast spread
Weekly bulk milk testing for H5N1 is often too late; better surveillance and focus on biosecurity are needed for effective intervention. buff.ly/3YWGRCy
2) Very interesting data/figures
Fig. 1 Epidemic curve of H5N1 at the farm levels
3) Fig. 2 : Surveillance and control strategies require knowledge of both the basic repro- duction number and the intrinsic growth rate.